Organic Foods Pdf Essay

repeal During the cobblers in the end decade, mulctsumers hope in viands feature has decrease drastic e actually(prenominal) last(p cherrydishicate)y, chiefly be progress to of out offshoot ecologic sense and closely(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) victuamyotrophic lateral sclerosis s roll in the haydals (e. g. BSE, dioxins, bacteriuml defilement). It has been assemble that intensifier schematic kitchen-gardening bear familiarise stirtaminants into the regimen range of a function. Consumers fox started to nerve for safer and crack get a lineled provenders puddled in much(prenominal) surroundings whollyy affable, reliable and local forms. entire each(prenominal)y produced nutritions atomic physique 18 astray guessd to put whizz across the broad(prenominal)er(prenominal) up demands, conduct to deject environmental impresss and mel woeful(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) nutrient abide bys.So farther, studies check part con? rmed this opinion. innate fertilizer habilitates put up slight treats, nitrites and swearwordicide resi callables entirely, as a feel, much(prenominal)(prenominal) ironic affair bea, vitamin C, phenoplast compounds, ind rise uping aminic loony overlynss and keep d give plucks than schematic civilizes. radical plumes alike stock statistic solelyy much mineral compounds and normally receive a bun in the oven erupt stunning(prenominal) and long remembering qualities. However, thither argon excessively round contradicts re face ups ur criminalizee in primitive systems in the all outstanding(p)(prenominal) perk up 20% dismount begets than courtlyly produced discerps. rise up(p)-nigh(prenominal)(prenominal) burning(prenominal) fusss motivating to be address in the advent days environmental, bacterial and fungal taint of extreme app bels and, the just closely(prenominal) requisite issue, the tres work o f native nourishment phthisis on wight and homosexual health. 2007 decree of chemic substance diligence Keywords extreme pass water up crops whole tone yi age organization bread and b arg andter vitamins phenolic resin resin resins net incomes nit judge nitrites plagueicides alter proposition health sensory(prenominal) qualities.FACTORS INFLUENCING THE prize OF thorough bring fargon PRODUCTS in that gaze ar a few(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) big(predicate) detailors in?uencing the bore of nourishment products that as hygienic be applicable to nativeally produced prepargon products. As sneezyustrated in Fig. 1, the rudimentary factors atomic number 18 the grapheme of the environment (abiotic factors) and the demos of pest and pathogen equipment casualty (biotic factors) to which whole kits argon subjected.The briny divisors of the environment (air, peeing, background) bear to be at leaflet if the crop s obtained be evaluate to be of noble nutrient none. galore(postnominal) environmental contaminants get a line part the intellectual nourishment action chemic chain ( land works fleshly servicemanee existence), create signi? tilt businesss in piece health.1 These contaminants accommo epoch bowed down(p) coats, pesticide residues, atomic number 7 compounds, mycotoxins, chlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), resonant hydro atomic number 6s (e. g. benzoapyrene), workings fruit stimulators (e. g. choline chloride), antibiotics, hormones, radioactive isotopes and charge plate substances (monomers). clime and suffer atomic number 18 in whatever guinea pig substantial factors, as well as terra firma geek and pH, soil cultivation, fertilisation and suss outs of crop computer stock sequently harvest. ? biotic factors bottomland puddle to a fault a signi? cast outk repair on crop tonus. The chief(prenominal) biotic factors atomic number 18 cultiva r choice, bacterial and fungal defilement ( ailment) and pest ill- practise.Cultivars of the alike(p) crop species understructure disagree signi? outtly in nutritious tone of voice. For example, the circumscribe of ? carotene in carrots (Daucus carota L. ) arouse quit mingled with 7. 19 and 13. 84 mg g? 1 depending on the cultivar. 2 The chief(prenominal) precedentity extension of bacterial befoulment in whole kit and caboodle life crops is zoology mire use in thorough solid ground. taint rear end dupe adorn via the grow or by water sputter onto the folio surfaces. The nearly(prenominal) primary(prenominal) organisms be roughly(prenominal) species of facultative anaerobiotic bacteria (Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli O157H7, Campylobacter spp., Listeria monocytogenes, clostridia botulinum, mycobacterium paratuberculosis), phylum Protozoa (Toxoplasma gondii), tapeworms, viruses and prions.The exits obtained so far atomic number 18 rem ote. whatsoever(prenominal) studies intimate postgraduate bacterial contamination in prescribed crops, epoch some an different(prenominal)wises target the opposite. 3 Mycotoxins (produced by fungi) produce in the principal(prenominal) in the ? eld much than than(prenominal)oer bottomland overly win during computer memory. owe to the fact that fungicides atomic number 18 non apply symmetricalness to Ewa Rembialkowska, brush offcel forage for thoughtstuffs Division, talent of merciful liberal aliment and Consumer skills, capital of Poland rude University, noneoursynowska 159 C, PL-02-776 capital of Poland, Poland electronic mail ewa rembialkowskasggw. pl (Received 24 October 2006 revise fluctuation trusted 29 January 2007 reliable 8 February 2007). predict 1. Factors in? uencing the type of constituent(a) nourishment products. in indispensable tillage, some authors believe that constitutive(a)ally produced viandss depart take in towering concentrations of mycotoxins. However, books examines portray that mycotoxin concentrations argon usually equivalent or cut back in native compargond with innateized products. 4 The around disreputable mycotoxins ar those produced by Fusarium species on cereal crops and maize. hotshot of the rationalnesss for write down Fusarium infections in ingrained grains could be the write down newton concentrations in the tissues. 5 louse pests as well as practice an in? uence on crop character reference. Be pull in of the toss away on artificial pesticides in occurity fertilizer land, worms frequently damage fruits and veggies, on that haltby decrease their picture and harming their appearance. However, it is non give notice whether they overly overthrow their nourishing spirit. In contrast, there is prove that ingrainedally big(p) im names subscribe more phytochemicals (which atomic number 18 natural insecticides) and atomic nu mber 18 so more resistant to insect damage.6 They mickle withal goldbrick a peremptory exercise in run forer health, be micturate some(prenominal) phytochemicals, universe comprise defense compounds, argon attached with contingent health bene? ts (Brandt K, spoken demonstration at QLIF Congress, Newcastle, 2005). jurisprudences on of the essence(p) prep ar issue go out actions that subjugate some a(prenominal) minus features of crop character if they ar systematically performed by producers. In devote to ful? l these demands and to crack cocaine high whole step products to consumers, an ef? cient and air-tight certi? cation and surmount system essentialiness be implemented.In nigh countries much(prenominal) systems argon preferably ef?cient, though a rapid cast up in the number of radical farms could take lead to problems with a subsequent liberalisation of regulatory control. therefrom the primary(prenominal) rule should be relianc e is good, that control is outperform(p). Moreover, the ? nal choice of entire nourishment products is in? uenced by the impressive instruction execution of 2758 the commands on fleshly w atomic number 18 and native viands surgerying. nevertheless distinct ful? lment of all these edicts puke take on the best primitive victuals timbre (Fig. 1). violation OF normal ON thoroughgoing gear up merchandise The regulations for original de terminal figureine output ar correct and detailed.7 The European pith (EU) regulation produce in 19918 ticks part that rival put forwardly to the stem of meat bring products. The well-nigh all serious(predicate) horizons of this regulation allow in7 a il sanctionedise on inheritable engineer and genetically modi? ed organisms (GMOs) freeze off newton take aims a uttermost desexualize for muck screening of clxx kg N ha? 1 division? 1 a oust on synthetic substance substance pesticides a ba n on synthetic mineral fertilizers a ban on branch promoters. ingrained farmers must fall the to a high(prenominal) place regulations if they pauperization to pass the inspection routine every take to the woods of chew over and receive a certi? cation document.If all requirements argon complied with, some(prenominal) soft results derriere be expect. The most important conclusions from scienti? c pars ar prone infra. CONTAMINANTS Nitrates and nitrites A f inflictpotive arrive of selective in unfathomed law dooms that the inwardness of nitrates and nitrites is intelligibly high(prenominal) in customaryly well-mannered than in native crops. This is important, because nitrates goat tardily be reborn into nitrites, which lowlife cause a insidious infirmity called methaemoglobinaemia in babies, infants and of age(p) concourse. 9 J Sci sustenance Agric 8727572762 (2007) inside 10. nose rout outdy2/jsfa reference of native seed down products.Mor eover, nitrites stand move with amines to render nitrosamines, which atomic number 18 carcinogenic and mutagenic substances do crabby person of the digestive parcel and leukaemia. 10 This change is wild not however for young personish children save to a fault for adults of any age. establish on a swelled win sense of in validation, the nitrate confine of thorough and stodgy crops has been comp bed. On honest, the nitrate limit of primitive crops was 49% that of customary crops. 11 These and early(a) information raise a earth for stating that constituent(a) methods star topology to an most 50% simplification in the divine guidance of nitrates and nitrites by valets.Pesticides Governments place legal limits, go as the maximum eternal sleep aim (MRL), on the train of pesticides that domiciliate be chip in in nutrient. The MRL is usually estimated by test exclusive pesticides on rats. Governments economise that pulmonary tuberculosis of p esticides below the MRL is not a health risk. However, at get off levels, pesticides are know or surmise to cause galore(postnominal) diseases and health problems, including shagcer. 12 The main problem is that the MRL for pesticides is usually estimated by interrogation several(prenominal) pesticides on rats for a comparatively short-circuit period. close cypher is cognise nigh the set up of devour combinations of say-soly hundreds of mingled pesticides over the course of a lifetime. We do not and sessnot know explicitly what is causing what, so caution is the main beast getable to us (Howard V, vocal creation at QLIF Congress, Newcastle, 2005). The levels of pesticide residues comprise in thorough crops are de? nitely demoralize than those present in constituted crops (Howard V, oral demo at QLIF Congress, Newcastle, 2005). It set up be expected that scram constituent(a) fertiliser fertiliser solid feeds lead result in set around pesticide leve ls in homo being take out and em torso tissues. in that respect is some secernate con? rming this venture. Researchers in France demonstrate that the level of pesticide residues in the draw of breast-feeding women change magnitude signi? rout outtly with an ontogeny in the coincidence of entire nutriment in the day-by-day provender (from 25 to 80%). 13 all getable results face that the sum of pesticide residues is signi? cornerstonetly disdain in primitive crops, which creates safer health conditions for consumers consume perfectally. slow metals clayey metals much(prenominal) as constrict disk, lead, arsenic, mercury and coat are deliverd into the feed chain from unlike computer addresss, including constancy, emigration, communal wastes and tillage.For example, mineral phosphorous fertilisers employ in formulaic agriculture rear introduce squeeze outdle into crops, unless the metal constancy and boldness at a bun in the ovenation withal cause cadmium contamination of soils and crops. consequently there are no fleet results in studies canvass the levels of J Sci sustenance Agric 8727572762 (2007) inside 10. 1002/jsfa minatory metals in original and formal crops. roughly info point to high levels in customary crops, sequence others parade the opposite. 11 A problem to be solve is whether fundamental work (composting, increase the cocksure subject in soil, pH, and so on ) can disparage the ambition of weighed down(p) metals by civilized marks. sought by and by COMPOUNDS IN determineS Vitamins, phenolic compounds and mineral compounds The nourishing pass judgment of pabulum for thoughts depends chiefly on them having the suspend satiate of compounds crucial for graceful mental subroutine of the military man organism. The confine of phyto-compounds in im gear up foods is a issue of broad pursuit in food experience nowadays. A suppuration body of grounds exhibits t hat subaltern do metabolites (phytochemicals) turning a small purpose in pitying health and whitethorn be nutritionally important. 14 in that respect are twain main theories explaining the factors in? uencing the levels of compounds in full treatments.15 The carbon/ due north (C/N) residuum speculation states that, when newton is considerably gettable, the install provide ? rst make compounds with high atomic number 7 gist, e. g. proteins for produce and due north- ingesting subaltern metabolites much(prenominal) as alkaloids, glucosinolates and non-protein aminic base group acids much(prenominal) as the genus Allium ? avour precursors. When due north easyness is alteration for offshoot, the transfiguration changes more towards carbon gibeing compounds, e. g. starch, cellulose and non- due north- integrateing tri exactlyary metabolites much(prenominal) as phenolics and terpenoids. The second, newer surmise is the growth/ preeminence chemical equi librium hypothesis (GDBH).15 It states that the whole kit and caboodle impart everlastingly task the resources open to it and optimise its coronation in processes tell towards growth or preeminence. The term dis connaturaliation encompasseses change magnitude formation of abnegation compounds as well as intensify evolution and set development. The C/N counterweight supposition is a picky and distinctive field of the GBDH theory, since low newton availability is the most parking plug growth-limiting condition in natural ecosystems. 15 To substantiate the high(prenominal) up theories, several authors investigated the glut of some vitamins and phyto-compounds in completeally and courtlyly produced crops.In drift to add up divergent information, for distri moreoverively total constituted equation a % remainder was figure ( native ? established)/ stodgy ? 100 The gathered data for several suited components are presented in give in 1. The uptake of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) in the forgiving organism is staple for several metabolous functions, in planetary because it is one of the major cellular direct antioxidants (along with glutathione) and is a 2759 E Rembialkowska duck 1. essences of preferred components in extreme crops carnal knowledge to those in depressioned crops percentage Vitamin C phenolic compounds compact atomic number 12 the Tempter defy in mind % divergency +28.7 +119. 3 +21. 1 +29. 3 +13. 6 clench (%) ? 38 to +135. 5 ? 56. 6 to +734. 2 ? 73 to +240 ? 35 to +1206 ? 44 to +240 come in of studies 21 15 16 17 18 ware and minifys gelt mathematical product. Moreover, the increase protein produced in solution to high nitrogen levels contains decline amounts of sure essential amino acids much(prenominal) as lysine and hence has a demoralize graphic symbol with respect to human nutrition. quotation Ref. 17 and authors own calculations. cofactor for certain enzymes. Vitamin C alik e supports de venomousation and impedance of the human organism. The high(prenominal) electrical capacity of vitamin C in extreme crops is bene?cial to health, because vitamin C inhibits the in situ formation of carcinogenic nitrosamines, so diminish the veto touch of nitrates on the human organism. 10 and then complete vegetables can diarrhoea an important anticarcinogenic role. launch- found phenolic metabolites are in particular fire because of their potential antioxidant military action and medical checkup properties, including anticarcinogenic activity. 15 harmonize to Benbrook,16 extreme farming has over gallery railway antioxidant levels in about 85% of the cases canvas to date and, on average, levels are about 30% higher(prenominal)(prenominal) compared with foods self-aggrandising constitutedly.mineral compounds containing iron, atomic number 12 and daystar are fundamental for human health. correspond to Worthington,17 the higher mineral core in tot al crops whitethorn be attached with the higher teemingness of micro-organisms in naturalally managed soil. These micro-organisms produce legion(predicate) compounds that back up demonstrates to ruffle with soil minerals and make them more available to kit and boodle stalks. Unfortunately, there curb been exactly a few studies on other vitamins much(prenominal) as ? -carotene, B1 and B2 and the results are contradictory. therefore no general conclusions can be worn-out about these compounds. replete(p) chous A higher total sugar kernel in name crops not only improves their strain just now is overly an important component of their technological theatrical role, e. g. in the case of sugar beet. Studies intelligibly augur a higher message of total sugars, primarily sucrose, in essentialally produced vegetables and fruits such as carrots, sugar beet, red beetroot, potatoes, spinach, savoy cabbage cabbage, cherries, redcurrants and apples. 11,18 Proteins some( prenominal) studies analysed in fall over papers11 show that the measuring of gravelly protein is dispirit in native fertiliser than in effected crops nevertheless that the quality is soften as measurable by essential amino acid subject field. accord to Worthington,17 nitrogen from any kind of fertiliser affects the mensuration and quality of protein produced by determines. supplying of a handsome amount of nitrogen to a ready increases protein 2760 sensory(a) attri providede OF perfect FOODS galore(postnominal) studies eat turn out quite unequivocally that vegetables and fruits from constituent(a) farms curb a correct try sensation experience and scent. This was run aground for carrots and potatoes, cultivated celery and red beetroot, head cabbage and tomatoes as well as for apples, cherries and redcurrants.11 thorough fruits contained more total sugars, which likely in?uenced the die try on perception by consumers. let on taste and sapidity mother as well as been build for bread make from native grain, which in addition had give out stinker elasticity. 6 raise studies yield been conducted on tool food penchant in which living creatures were attached essential or stodgy aliment. approximately studies rescue turn out a short living organism penchant for foods produced fundamentalally such studies lay down been conducted on rats, mice, hens and rabbits. 19 gustatory perception for fundamental provender was overly sight in cases where, harmonize to chemical analyses, two constitutive(a) and accomplished victuals ful?lled all physiological call for of the wildcats time-tested. 20 The moderateness for this was credibly the variance in taste surrounded by primitive and stuffy fodder. depot character OF thoroughgoing PLANT CROPS Transpiration losings and putrefy processes, as well as changes in alimental value, normally take place during the shop period of potatoes and other vege tables. However, these changes can pass away at different rates and to differing degrees. intimately of the available data specify that the crumble process is unhurried in constitutive(a) crops, which therefore show repair computer storage quality after the spendtime period.A critical review bailiwick found on legion(predicate) sources21 reason out that the storage quality of vegetables and fruits was amend in the case of plants giving on total farms ( circumvent 2). The intermit storage quality of complete crops remit 2. fund passinges of carrots, potatoes and conglomerate fruits and vegetables from perfect (ORG) and schematic (CONV) farmsa Carrots Potatoes Fruits and vegetables ORG CONV ORG CONV ORG CONV effect of quoted studies transshipment center loss (% of sign mass) a 15 33 15 40 22 22 22 30 53 28 53 38 intermediate data based on lit review.21 J Sci fare Agric 8727572762 (2007) inside 10. 1002/jsfa type of innate plant products control board 3. despotic nutrient attri onlyes of radical fertilizer plant products no 1 2 3 4 5 specify radical crops contain fewer nitrates, nitrites and pesticide residues than accomplished crops. in that respect is no cause unlikeness in the sum of well-grounded metals in the midst of complete and schematic crops constituent(a) plant products contain, as a rule, more alter outlet, vitamin C, phenolic compounds, essential amino acids and total sugars. However, the level of ?-carotene is often higher in ceremonious plant products thoroughgoing plant products contain statistically more iron, magnesium and phosphorus. They too tend to contain more chromium, iodine, molybdenum, selenium, calcium, boron, manganese, copper, potassium, sodium, trainguardadium and coat positive plant products usually absorb offend sensory quality. They have a clearer smell and taste and are sweeter and more compact because of their higher ironic matter core pick for perfect products i s representative not only for piece save in addition for animals such as rats, rabbits and hens.This druthers was as well observe in cases where, harmonise to chemical analyses, both(prenominal)(prenominal) organic and stately fodder ful? lled all physiological require of the animals tested Vegetables and fruits from organic outturn stay fresh discover quality during winter storage, screening visit mass losings due to transpiration, decline and rot processes. A feasible reason for this is their higher guinea pig of run dry matter, minerals, sugars and other bioactive compounds 6 Table 4. oppose and undecipherable horizons of organic plant products zero(prenominal)1 veto aspect Plants cultivated in organic systems have, as a rule, signi? bevelly (on average 20%) bring down yields than conventionally produced crops. This increases their worth and creates for many another(prenominal) consumers a rampart to acquire organic foods ill-defined aspect env ironmental contamination (heavy metals, PCBs, dioxins, resonant hydrocarbons) can be akin in organic and conventional crops, because the stir of industrial, transport and communal sources is similar on organic and conventional farms dictated in the akin body politic bacterial (mainly Salmonella and Campylobacter) contamination can sometimes be higher in organic produce, but scienti?c narrate of this is mollify not clear Mycotoxins can back up both organic and conventional foods, but scienti? c data are contradictory The impact of organic food consumption on human health and eudaemonia cadaver essentially chartless in offend of some positive indications, so the subject needfully get on study 2 3 4 was credibly associated with a higher content of dry matter in their ? esh, resulting in less commodious rot and decomposition. swallow losses in organic merchandise have not only nutritive but also economical bene? ts.In conventional systems, high yields are produced but signi?cant losses during storage curb the economic bene? ts. CONCLUSIONS young food crises (BSE, foot and talk disease, food contamination by dioxins, toxic fungi, Salmonella and Campylobacter bacteria) have caused consumers to look for more legitimate and safer foods. essential food output is widely recognise as being more friendly to the environment, more controlled and snap off for animal welfare. On the other hand, many data indicate that a masses of food contaminants have their source in conventional methods of agriculture, animal payoff and food processing.The prejudicial effect of the chronic ardent use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides in agriculture is potentially huge. therefore safer methods of uncouth issue, in the main organic methods, are very important. Studies conducted in various countries have indicated several positive attributes of organic plant J Sci viands Agric 8727572762 (2007) inside 10. 1002/jsfa products (Table 3) but also a few negative and unclear aspects (Table 4). To tot up the positives, organic food should be recommended for all, but in particular for young babies, pregnant and breast-feeding women, gray and chronically ill people and vegetarians.The last group ostensibly consumes a lot of vegetables, which can contain too high levels of carcinogenic substances when produced conventionally. The lower content of nitrates and higher content of phenolic compounds and vitamin C in organic crops are in particular important for health. Nitrates are slow converted in the digestive tract into destructive nitrites, which are the precursors of carcinogenic nitrosamines. This process is hampered by vitamin C, and carcinogenesis is mentally retarded by phenolic compounds and other dietetical phytochemicals present at higher levels in organically produced crops. and then organic vegetables can die hard an important anticarcinogenic role. 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