Idea Of A New Cafe Business Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Examine about the Idea Of A New Cafe Business. Answer: I have a thought of another bistro business which is working in various nations and is favored by clients. This kind of bistro causes the individuals to appreciate quality time with their families and companions. I have examined and discovered that this kind of association is useful for individuals who need to invest their recreation energy after work. The bistro likewise has arrangement of different sorts of beverages and individuals of any age appreciate quality time understanding books, messing around or getting occupied with different exercises. The most significant thing I discovered is that the bistro incorporates the costs of the beverages with free tops off of different sorts of drinks. The clients are likewise furnished with the choice of experiencing any funnies on the web. The bistro likewise has the arrangement of discrete rooms to invest energy with ones family. Different sorts of workshop are likewise held inside the bistro. I have investigated the funnies and magazine segment and have understood that there are in excess of 10,000 books which are accessible in the bistro. The bistro additionally has the arrangement of security with the goal that one can get to the web as per the comfort. I have dissected the whole market and have discovered that there are various organizations who are working in this field. ABC bistro has exceptional structured games for its clients and along these lines they are doing restraining infrastructure business in this field. In addition, the caf additionally has an enormous load of comic and magazine assortment when contrasted with its rivals. I have analyzed the caf cautiously and have discovered that they offer an incentive to their representatives. The caf centers around benefit as well as attempts to satisfy the requirements and requests of the clients at a reasonable cost. The interesting selling recommendation of the caf is that they serve corresponding food and beverages with different games. Additionally, the cl ients can likewise get to the library and the funnies segment liberated from cost. The clients can likewise pay month to month charges and get enlisted themselves as VIP clients. This will assist them with availing the additional advantage like reservation framework, pre request administrations, drinks and some more. The presentation of VR games has additionally pulled in the clients and this has helped ABC caf to remain in front of its rivals. I have likewise visited different bistros yet didn't get the quality help as gave by ABC caf. The most alluring proposal of the caf is that if an individual alludes to his/her companion or family members, he/she will get an extra markdown and different advantages. This will help in decreasing the advertising cost of the organization and the caf has extended its business and built up a tremendous client base by embracing this approach. The caf has additionally intended to supplant the paper books by I-books and this will help in decreasing the expense of caf which they bear in cloud innovation. I have by and by chatted with the chief of the caf and found that individuals want to experience paper books as opposed to I-book. In the event that the organization evacuates the administration of paper books quickly, it should endure misfortunes at first. Consequently, it tends to be said that ABC caf must extend its business and improve its nature of food to hold the clients. The possibility of this caf is testing and its gives new chances to the businessperson just as the clients to appreciate the new innovation.

How do social roles and the environment affect behavior, attitudes and beliefs Essay

Our jobs in social foundations and our different surroundings impact our practices, perspectives and convictions. At the point when put in an extraordinary situation, people generally start to pressure and feel dangerous. At the point when appointed to definitive jobs, indivuals in poisonous conditions will in general act forceful and self-assertively so as to keep up control and stay away from any type of mischief coordinated at them. At the point when put in an extraordinary domain, one will in general accept that their qualities and ethics can defeat the unforgiving circumstances in that condition. Lamentably the pitiful the truth is that these outrageous situations as a rule assume responsibility for one’s conduct and convictions. This was demonstrated in different analyses directed, for example, Milgram’s Experiment on Obedience and Conformity and Zimbardo’s Experiment on the â€Å"Pathology of Prisoners†. Stanley Milgram’s Experiments on Obedience and Conformity. In specific situations normal people, with no earlier vicious or fierce history, can be compelled and persuaded into hurting others. These conditions emerge when the people submitting the unsafe demonstrations are constrained into accepting that they won't be considered responsible for any of the demonstrations submitted. Milgram’s investigate Obedience and Conformity shows this thought. Milgram’s explore included an analyst wearing a sterile jacket, who trained a subject alluded to as the instructor to encourage a couple of words to the subject known as the student. Under directions given by the analyst, the instructor was to manage an electric stun to the student, at whatever point the appropriate response he/she gave was wrong. The severities of the stuns controlled were to increment with each off-base answer given by the student. Milgram found that lion's share of the members administeredâ the most significant level of the stun, regardless of the horrifying supplic ations and cries made by the student. Milgram’s additionally arrived at the resolution that standard people could get assistants to destructive practices which damage human rights when they are convinced into accepting that they don't need to accept full accountability for on the off chance that anything unsafe ought to happen to others. Philip Zimbardo’s Stanford Experiment on the â€Å"Pathology of Imprisonment†. Jobs appointed to us typically will in general have gigantic effects on our practices and mentalities towards others. We normally prefer to expect that our ethics and qualities will triumph over dangerous situations. The shocking the truth is that when put in an extraordinary domain, nature for the most part assumes responsibility for our mentalities and convictions. Zimbardo’s Experiment on the â€Å"Pathology of Imprisonment† would demonstrate that it is so hard to beat the impulse to mishandle the force and authority allowed people. Zimbardo’s test included a fake jail where members were doled out their jobs discretionarily by the flip of a coin. Half were allocated the jobs of detainees, while the other half was relied upon to depict the jobs of gatekeepers. After the initial two days the members appeared to turn into their jobs, rather than them deliberately showcasing their jobs. There was an unexpected and extraordinary change in practices where the gateke epers built up an unfeeling and corrupting methodology towards the detainees. The detainees then again got servile towards the gatekeepers and showed indications of discouragement and hatred towards the watchmen. Zimbardo’s test uncovers that in light of the fact that the watchmen were allowed authority and control over the detainees, they started to act in manners by which they won't typically act, in their regular ordinary lives. The detainees then again got discouraged and servile because of the way that they had no control or force in the earth where they were set in. The Documentary about Zimbardo’s explore. In outrageous and harmful conditions, for example, Zimbardo’s mock jail, people with power practice pitiless and threatening measures towards the individuals they control, so as to keep up request and a feeling of intensity. In theâ documentary about Zimbardo’s analyze, Psychologist Zimbardo alongside different members give point by point records of what happened during the timespan of the tests. Dave Eshleman, who took part as a gatekeeper uncovered that he induced the technique for badgering and obnoxious attack against the detainees trying to show his power and predominance over the detainees. Eshleman likewise communicated his skepticism at the way that none of the great gatekeeper made an endeavor to call attention to his overbearing maltreatment of intensity, but instead was dazed that different detainees obliged his brutal perspectives. Earth Ramsay, who partook as a detainee, lost his feeling of solace and furthermore relates having his contemplations become co ntorted under the steady verbal and psychological mistreatment managed by the gatekeepers. Ramsey uncovers that being put under such a domain, made it simple for him to show indications of uneasiness and extreme pressure. Alluding to these records given by the members, one can arrive at the resolution that force ruins. While people exposed to cruel and uncalled for maltreatment from legitimate figures think that its hard to stand up and shield themselves. This uncovers survivors of misuse think that its extreme to face their abuser out of dread. The Movie â€Å"Das Experiment†. At the point when given a high situation in a distressing and extraordinary condition, people with power want regard and compliance from the individuals whom they control. In specific conditions, legitimate figures resort to viciousness and forceful practices to affirm their power. This typically happens when they individuals they control confront them, or challenge their activities. At the point when given over the top capacity to build up guidelines and exercise power, specialists become too much mindful of the force they hold and utilize the dread of their subjects to make them devoted. The film â€Å"Das Experiment† passes on this thought. In the film cruel watchman Berus is considered as the prevailing gatekeeper among all the watchmen. He accepts that the way to keeping up force and request is through mortification and dehumanization of the detainees. Berus authority and forceful conduct is tested by Tarek, the predominant detainee. Upon the acknowledgment that Tarek, is n't a push over Berus and Exhert, another injurious jail watch, go to intense estimates such asâ urination on Tarek, and driving him to clean the latrine with his garments. Savagery was likewise utilized as a methods for restraining Tarek and different detainees. The Movie â€Å"Das Experiment demonstrated that when giving force and authority over others it is anything but difficult to get domineering trying to keep up control and build up who is in charge. Abu Ghraib Prison. Troopers who run the jail situated in Abu Ghraib transformed the jail into a torment site for detainees and caught detainees. Detainees acquired for cross examination, confronted damaging medicines and unforgiving agonizing measures, in an endeavor with respect to the officers, to get the detainees to violations they may have or may have not submitted. The troopers in this condition had no past known records of an injurious or perverted history. These warriors were ordinary people put in a poisonous and dangerous condition. The fighters put in the Abu Ghraib jail didn't get formal preparing, and may have felt undermined and unreliable in an insecure situation, for example, Iraq. Thefore so as to remain and be seen as the absolute position figures, the warriors administered with predominance and dread. Detainees were exposed to physical, sexual, mental and psychological mistreatments by the warriors. This occurrence demonstrates that even individuals thought about ordinary, when spot clamor unpleasant condition filter lose all feeling of ethical quality. Like Zimbardo’s explore, the troopers at the Abu Ghraib jail started to sink into their jobs as power figures and manhandled the detainees so as to show their capacity and strength.

The representation of savagery and civilization Term Paper

The portrayal of viciousness and human advancement - Term Paper Example The American human advancement for instance, was a mix of European settler new innovation as far as unrivaled weaponry cultivating and global exchange innovation. It along these lines handily overwhelmed that local innovation of bows, bolts and steady movement of Native American clans. This paper decides to recognize the ideas of brutality and human progress regarding the commitment of various essential sources who have handled this subject before. Viewpoints of Primary Sources on Savagery and Civilization In the Descent of man, Darwin depicts as local the networks that should have been found in the Western Frontier during the extension of American standard. He makes the statement that conceptive force is lower in barbarons or savages than in socialized individuals (Darwin 45). This was an endeavor to think about an absolutely natural procedure [reproduction] in individuals who had achieved various degrees of human progress. It is obvious from the contention in the paper that Darwin is really discussing death rate or conceptive rate. This is on the grounds that he goes further to contend that on account of the poor day to day environments, the barbarons have a lower pace of endurance. Anyway he goes further to assert that savages have all the earmarks of being â€Å"less productive that cultivated people† (Darwin, 46). Among the reasons given for the low populace levels among the savages are wars with neighbors, an inclination to meander all around that jeopardizes the lives of babies, infections, starvation and absence of water. Darwin additionally expresses that child murder is a significant reason for eradication since the savages would prefer to execute kids, particularly young ladies, trying to hold down the populace levels (Darwin, 46). Another extraordinary scourge of imperialism was subjugation. Contentions that a few societies were better than others and cultivated people were substantially more better than local savages fuelled the slave exchan ge. This exchange guaranteed that a few people were subhuman as they had not experienced the full degree of advancement during the time spent normal determination. As indicated by Darwin certain people were a sub types of the human species (Darwin 175). People in this manner improperly exchanged different people like wares. They possessed them, made them work and afterward sold them up to different proprietors. In any case, Darwin’s claims have since been tested by later day researchers who named some of Darwin’s attestations as deficient, hypothetical and not bolstered by verifiable proof. Among the researchers who differ is Fredrick Jackson Turner who alludes to the human advancement of America as meeting of psyches between the European pilgrims and the American local life (Turner, 3). He goes further to depict how the European needed to change in accordance with the American life by planting corn, utilizing the birch kayak to travel and in any event, receiving the l ocal Indian call to arms so as to endure. He recognizes that the European carried with him some predominant innovation including the weapon and train, however these by themselves were insufficient for his endurance as nature demonstrated too intense except if he balanced (Turner, 4). As per him, in this way, it is the blend of societies that achieves human progress instead of a solitary perfectionist culture (Turner, 4). The commitment of these contentions towards imperialism was that pioneers consistently contended that they were delivering another

The Canadian Economy essays

The Canadian Economy expositions With a populace of more than 30 million Canada is one of the universes biggest and most grounded economies. Canada appreciates an attractive way of life, a great foundation, a profoundly instructed and talented work power just as a merited notoriety as an effective exchanging country. Canadas economy has not generally been like this. In the late 1980s, directly around the fourth quarter of 87 the Canadian economy hit a pinnacle. The economy had quite recently recouped from a trough before in the year, however what they didnt acknowledge at the time was that they were going down into another trough, which they would in the long run hit rock bottom in the second quarter of 91. I decided to investigate the Canadian Economy from 1987 to 1994. While looking at the diagram for Canadas genuine GDP off Yardeni.com I arrived at the resolution that Canadas Economy is solid, it has just hit a negative percent changes twice in the previous 20 years. The second negative percent change happened in the mid 90s and that is the thing that I am going to make sense of by utilizing some GDP Expenditure Component diagrams, a retail deals graph, the buyer value list outline, and finally the financing costs outline. Buyer spending was on the fall, government spending was here and there, genuine capital spending was declining, and imports far exceeded trades. At the point when shopper spending falls, with it goes the GDP, it puts the multiplier impact into play. At the point when shopper spending changes in a little manner, it can dramatically affect everything else. The move of the administration didn't appear to have a conspicuous connection in the down spiraling economy. Government spending rose about 6% during the development of 1987 and fell down nearly 4% the next year, however as the economy continued falling, government spending didn't transform, it was inconsistently moving all through the accompanying 3 years, until it hit base and fell almost 8% from 91 to 94. Alt... <!

Essay Writing Help

Essay Writing HelpIt is not surprising that when you are looking for essay writing help, many of the essay writing services out there will try to charge for what you believe they can do. This does not mean that they are not professional writers and can write the best essays for you. What it means is that they are trying to make some extra money and want to charge you a lot of money for what you can do yourself.You are probably tired of living with the fact that you have failed your classes and your parents are fed up with your poor career plan. You have a diploma, but you still have no job and nobody is coming to hire you. You have found work as a pizza delivery guy, and although you are making good money, you feel that the company won't keep you for very long. You are not sure what to do anymore and want to do something to make your life better.The problem is that you have a degree and many times employers will not even look at someone who has a degree from a college that has been d ropped or is a certificate school. It is not fair. You want a better paying job and you know that if you could write an essay that would get you hired, then why is it that you have to spend thousands of dollars on one? You know what is best for you. You want to improve your life and do something about the job you are in right now.Essay writing help is a great place to start. You can ask for a free trial, so that you can see how well they are going to help you. A free trial should give you a few tips and then you can decide if you want to pay for more essay writing help. Remember that a college education is not the same as an education from a correspondence school or vocational school.In order to find out the level of education needed for an essay, you need to go online and see which colleges offer these courses. There are some good online courses that can help you improve your career and pay your bills. You do not have to take classes where you will not get an education, or where yo u cannot use it to your advantage. A college education is important to learn what you need to know to succeed in life.There are many great free online programs out there that can help you learn how to write and are less expensive than a college education. If you are looking for an essay writing help, you do not have to pay a lot of money to find some great answers. You do not have to come home and read about how wonderful people are in essays. You can write your own essays at home without paying any fees.You do not have to settle for anything that you are not happy with and this is a perfect opportunity for you to not be satisfied with your life. You can start taking care of your family. You can begin saving some money so that you can eventually buy your own home. You can start putting money away each month to pay off your student loans. This can all be done by using a free writing online course.Essay writing help online allows you to get a little creative and not have to stick to w hat you know how to do in order to write an essay. There are many ways to help you succeed in writing essays.

Commercial Finance Recommendations, Risk Assessment And Management - 2475 Words

Commercial Finance: Recommendations, Risk Assessment And Management (Essay Sample) Content: Commercial Finance ASSIGNMENT 1 Borrower’s Details Name: Mr. and Mrs Bisset Marital status: Married with three adult children Address: 12 Currumbin close, Carindale QLD 4152 Accountant: Ainslie and partners telephone 0733499999 Background Bisset’s real estate Pty ltd was formed at the start of the previous financial year. This was formed to take up the real estate agency business that was under the control of Mr. Bisset and Joseph Hooper’s partnership. This came into action after the retirement of Joseph Hooper. Andrew Bisset has 22years experience in real estate as an agent. He has a specialty in commercial and industrial property. On the other hand, Jane has been in the managerial role for property in Bisset’s real estate Pty Ltd. Loan Purpose The loan use is to acquire the 3,000m2 of land near the shopping centre. Facility Details The already existing shopping centre comprising of six shops, located at 55 Park Road Belmont QLD 4171, Lot 43 on RP 9542, zoned for commercial purpose and occupying an area of 1850m2. The proposed facility to be purchased, vacant land located at 423 Belmont Road, Belmont QLD 4171, Lot 84 on RP 9564, zoned for special purpose and occupying an area of 3,000m2. Funds Position Assets: $ House at 12 currumbin close carindale QLD 560,000 Share portifolio 345,000 Motor vehicle 60,000 Furniture 85,000 Cash at bank 45,000 1,095,000 Liabilities: ABZ bank Loan 190,000 ABZ bank credit card 10,000 200,000 Capital (Assets-Liabilities)= $895,000 Servicing Capacity The Bisset Family Trust income Gross rental income 138,000 Loan interest 52,000 Management fee 11,000 Net profit 50,000 Depreciation 25,000 Income=net profit-interest (30%)+interest+ depreciation =50,000-15,000+52,000+25,000 =112,000 dollars Bisset’s Real Estate Net profit= 72,000 Less: tax (30%) 25920 Total= 46,080 Add: Depreciation 14,000 Director’s superannuation= 11,000 Income=71,080 dollars Total income=71,080+112,000 =183,080 dollars Outgoings 40,000 @ 11% 1/0 =4400 625,000 @ 9% -15 years P/I =76070 625,000 @ 9% 1/0 =56,250 Total=136,720 dollars Net income=183,080-136,720 =46,360 dollars DSCR=1.33 Personal income and expenses Income Andrew 78,000 Jane 43,000 Total 121,000 Less: Tax 24,600 Net income 96,400 Expenses Home loan repayment 15,480 Credit card 7,200 Total 22,680 Surplus 96,400-22,680 =73,720 dollars Andrew has a relatively high servicing capacity. Andrew’s DSCR is 1.3. This implies that the family trust and the real estate generates 30% more than what is required to pay off debts. Andrew has thereby the capacity to service the loan. Apart from the income from the family trust and the real estate, Andrew and Jane have their personal income that they can also contribute to servicing the loan. Security Security for this loan comprises of the shopping center which is valued at 1,450,000 dollars, guarantees from the Bisset’s Real Estate Ltd, the land to be bought, and the Bisset’s jobs. The Bisset’s may offer their pay as security for the loan. The total security in this case is 2,050,000 dollars. Risk Assessment and Management The risk involved is land rezoning. The land that Andrew is aiming to buy is zoned as special purpose. However, the local council has earmarked it for future commercial use. This poses a risk particularly with it being used as security since rezoning it might render it useless as security. However, there are a number of ways in which this risk can be managed. One of them is Andrew and Jane can sell their shops and restructure the loan without involving land as security. Another way that risk can be managed is Andrew and Jane may engage in long term leasing of the shopping center in order to raise funds to offset the loan. Recommendations I would recommend Andrew for the loan based on a number of factors. These are factors are: Andrew’s extensive experience as a primary applicant in the local area; the high level of security offered for the loan fits within the lenders policy requirements; positive share portfolio that the Bissets have; lastly, strong statement of position with share portfolio. Attachments -Tenancy agreements -Rental statements -Insurance documents -Information about share holdings -Statements of shopping center loan ASSIGNMENT 2 PART A: The Client Questions 1 What is your name, marital status, and place of residence? 2 May I know the types of businesses you have? 3 How did you start these businesses? 4 What was your source of starting capital? 5 How do you manage your businesses in terms of book keeping? 6 How much do you generate from these businesses monthly/annually? 7 How much do you intend to borrow? 8 What is the purpose of the loan you want to borrow? 9 What would you provide as security for that loan you’re planning to borrow? 10 How long do you want to repay back that loan? Have you ever borrowed the loan from any other institutions? What are the challenges/ problems you face while running these businesses and how do you deal with them? How safe are your businesses in this area, and level of competitions that you face? Parties to the Loan 1 The lender 2 Borrowers (Ray Henley and Steve Manning) The security The company assets and borrowers’ personal incomes Facility Details -A joint owned transport which serves a variety of sectors -The needed purchases are Trucks, Dog Trailers and a refrigerated Pantec truck to supply flowers to Coles Supermarkets. Lender details (options and recommendations) The lender that can be used in this case the Wells Fargo Equipment Finance Inc. Wells Fargo provides equipment financing as well as leasing solutions for companies. It offers loans to businesses for purchasing used or new equipment and equipment leases. The company also provides vendor services to businesses for financing with floating and fixed rate options. The involvement of Wells Fargo in equipment leasing and financing makes it the best option for Henley and Manning. Confirmation of the client’s complex requirement Ray and Steve need to expand their business as well as accommodate new contracts that they have entered into with their clients. Ray and Steve thereby need an Equipment Limit of 500,000 dollars to be established in order to allow them to purchase Trucks, Dog Trailers, and a refrigerated Pantec truck. After being advised by their accountant, the two individuals decided to establish a Trust through which to purchase the needed equipment. The equipment will then hired by the transport section of the company through the Trust and the charges used to finance the payments. The personnel that maybe involved -The lender -The borrower -The guarantor -Financial adviser The client’s responsibilities so the client fully understands the loan -Always keeping in touch with the lender. -Continue paying while waiting for the bearance approval -The client should observe repayment dates -The client should understand fully and confirm the amount of the loan advanced to him/her -The client should understand the loan duration/loan term over which the loan shall be paid. -The client should be aware of the monthly installments to pay. -Should be provided with the offer letter to read, understand and sign to show acceptance. -The client should also ask questions concerning the basis on which the interest is charged e.g whether it’s on the reducing balance basis. An outline as to the process timing and what the client needs to arrange -The client should arrange the day and time to meet with the lender -The client needs to prepare and make available all original and copies of documents requested by the lender. -The client needs to provide the clear direction for the location of business and place of residence by the address, street or road where necessary. -The client needs to produce copies of identification documents and tax compliance reports of guarantors. - The client needs to liaise with the property valuing agency to have their property valued and be provided with the printed report to show the lender The documentation needed to commence the borrowing -Bank statement: the previous and current bank statement for at least six months should be presented to the lender to check on cash-flows. -Asset lists: the lender will request for the valuation report for each asset owned by the client to to know the client’s assets and capital base. -Profit and loss statements: the lender will need to check profit and loss accounts for the previous financial years to determine the stability of the client’s business. -A fully or dully sealed or signed loan application form -Application forms should be attached with required copies such as identification documents of client and those of guarantors. -The documents should pass through relevant authorities i.e the lawyer/advocate for commissioning. -Offer letter; should be provided by the lender for the client to read and understand the terms of the loan contract before signing. The name in which the client will sign the contract to purchase The name should be register...

Systematic and Common Chemical Names

There are many ways to name a chemical. Here is a look at the difference between different types of chemical names, including systematic names, common names, vernacular names and CAS numbers. Systematic or IUPAC Name The systematic name  also called the IUPAC name is the preferred way to name a chemical because each systematic name identifies exactly one chemical. The systematic name is determined by guidelines set forth by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). Common Name A common name is defined by the IUPAC as a name that unambiguously defines a chemical, yet does not follow the current systematic naming convention. An example of a common name is acetone, which has the systematic name 2-propanone. Vernacular Name A vernacular name is a name used in a lab, trade or industry that does not unambiguously describe a single chemical. For example, copper sulfate is a vernacular name which may refer to copper(I) sulfate or copper(II) sulfate. Archaic Name An archaic name is an older name for a chemical that predates the modern naming conventions. Its helpful to know archaic names of chemicals because older texts may refer to chemicals by these names. Some chemicals are sold under archaic names or may be found in storage labeled with the older names. An example of this is muriatic acid, which is the archaic name for hydrochloric acid and is one of the names under which hydrochloric acid is sold. CAS Number A CAS number is an unambiguous identifier assigned to a chemical by the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS), a part of the American Chemical Society. CAS numbers are assigned sequentially, so you cant tell anything about the chemical by its number. Each CAS number consists of three strings of numbers that are separated by hyphens. The first number contains up to six digits, the second number is two digits, and the third number is a single digit. Other Chemical Identifiers Although the chemical names and CAS Number are the most common way to describe a chemical, there are other chemical identifiers you may encounter. Examples include numbers assigned by PubChem, ChemSpider, UNII, EC number, KEGG, ChEBI, ChEMBL, RTES number and the ATC code. Example of Chemical Names Putting it all together, here are the names for CuSO4 ·5H2O: Systematic (IUPAC) Name: copper(II) sulfate pentahydrateCommon Names: copper(II) sulfate, copper(II) sulfate, cupric sulfate, cupric sulfateVernacular Name: copper sulfate, copper sulfateArchaic Name: blue vitriol, bluestone, copper vitriolCAS Number: 7758-99-8

Investigating Buddhism s Life And Life - 969 Words

Investigating Buddhism Essay Once upon a time, there was a prince named Siddhartha Gautama. The prince’s birth was unusual. His mother had a dream that a white elephant entered her womb foretelling that her baby would be a Buddha. His father ruled the Shakya clan. King Suddhodana Gautama wanted Siddhartha to become a great ruler rather than a religious leader, so he created a protected environment for the young price. Despite his father’s efforts Siddhartha expressed signs of spiritual proclivity. He was unbeatable in martial arts and learned how to meditate so deeply as to levitate. Siddhartha grew progressively curious of the outside world, to the point of finally urging his father to allow him a chariot ride outside the confines of the place walls. In order to shelter the prince King Suddhodana rid the countryside of any of the four elements that might inspire the prince to consider religion. The king ban all the sick and old from sight, funeral processions became prohibited and all religious ar tifacts removed from the kingdom (Corduan, 2012). However, the Hindu devas had other plans for prince Siddhartha. They took the four forms that the king had so carefully admonished. One became an old man on the verge of dying, another took the form of a man with a disfiguring disease, the third sight was a funeral procession for a decomposing corpse and a holy monk displayed the serenity of a life of renunciation. Among the many troubling thoughts the young man had was theShow MoreRelatedZen And Pure Land Buddhism1470 Words   |  6 PagesA brief comparison between Zen and Pure Land Buddhism, both of these are very popular amongst the Vietnamese community. The word Zen has been used many times in the West, due to the hard work of Japanese culture; Zen Buddhism does not have a strong influence as that of the Pure Land Buddhism. Also in the school of Zen, they reject claims of scriptural authority and embrace many different practices. Zen Buddhism rests on claims to an exclusi ve lineage that has been passed down from teacherRead MoreWhy Do Men Suffer Pain And Sorrow? Essay1655 Words   |  7 Pagesexplain the life of Buddha. Why is he called ‘the man who woke up?’ Give two or more examples of key events in his life that have a significant role in his development of Buddhist philosophical doctrine. In addition, explain how Buddha was a backlash response to 3 or more of the 6 main failures of Hinduism as detailed by Smith. Gautama Siddhartha (Buddha) was the son of a king whose domain lay close to the Himalayas. When Gautama was twenty-nine, he left his wife and child and his easy life to searchRead MoreDialectical Behavior Therapy And Mindfulness Essay1353 Words   |  6 PagesDialectical Behavior Therapy Mindfulness Mindfulness is another way of meditation. 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What Is Time Value of Money - 923 Words

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Mental Illness Within The Prison System - 928 Words

Everyday correctional officials work to deal with mental health inmates. Often hotly debated, many search for ways to work with this growing population. Glaze and Bonczar (2009) estimate around 2.3 million people are incarcerated within the US and of those, 20 percent suffer from some form of mental disorder. Even with such a high number, the rate of mental illnesses within the prison system is on the climb. Many of these inmates will remain incarcerated and receive little to no treatment for their mental issues. This essay, will look at the practices associated when dealing with mental illness and discuss the strategies on dealing with this growing issue. The incarceration of those who are mentally ill is on the continual rise. Many states juggle with the decision of placing offenders in Mental Hospital or locating them in State Prisons. Latessa and Holsinger (2011) discuss two major reasons for the increase of those with mental illness within the prison system. 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Informative Speech on Rwandan Genocide Outline - 1300 Words

Ben Johnson Intro to Comm. 1320-04 11/8/12 Rwandan Genocide General Purpose: To Inform Specific Purpose: To share with the class that the Rwandan Genocide was a brutal genocide that most people know little about. Thesis: The Rwandan Genocide is one of the lesser known, quickest, and most inhumane genocides this world has ever seen, and it is still affecting the people of Rwanda till this day. Organizational Pattern: Topical Introduction I. Attention Getter: What some people do not know is that Rwanda was home to the most brutal genocide this world has ever seen. There is a book of testimonies where the survivors of the Rwandan genocide told their story of their struggle to survive called, Survival†¦show more content†¦D. Many of the Tutsis neighbors and city officials were Hutus, so they had no one to turn to but their fellow Tutsis who were just as frightened as everyone else. 1.In a book called, Survival Against the Odds, where 11 year old Valentina tells her story and there was a quote from Sylvestre Gacumbitsi (the Mayor of her city), He shouted: We are the interahamwe. We are about to eliminate every Tutsi so that in the future no-one will even know what a Tutsi looked like. If anyone is hiding in this church by mistake, because really he or she is a Hutu, they should tell me now. E. I have told you about the Rwandan genocide and how the Tutsi people suffered during the genocide. I will now share wi th you their struggles they continue to go through years after the genocide ended. III. How even though the genocide has been over for about eighteen years it is still hurting people today? A. The Rwandan women are facing many problems still to this day. 1. 60,000 Rwandan women are now widows. 2. 7 in 10 survivors make less than 5000 Rwandan Francs ( only 8 American dollars) a month. 3. Many women are unable to live in the city or villages they grew up because of the humiliation of being publicly raped. 4. The Rwandan women are also faced to look after orphaned children when they are hardly able to support themselves. a. Many of the children the women will take care of will

Save Our Environment free essay sample

A very good morning to my teachers and my fellow students. I am here today to give a speech about our role to ‘save our environment’. Today, when environment is being polluted so vigorously, everyone has only one question on their mind that is how to save environment from being polluted. The strongest way to protect environment is save trees. Trees play an important role to keep air clean. If there will be no fresh air available then how will human beings, animal, and birds survive? Therefore, a clean environment is the need for every living object on this earth. Many big organizations, schools, colleges, and NGOs are taking initiatives to save trees for a better future, clean air, and unpolluted environment, in short healthy life for living objects. Nowadays, trees are being cut with a great speed for full filling daily needs of human beings. You might have noticed that as the number of trees is reducing disasters are being continuously increasing, which is ultimately leading into high death rate. We will write a custom essay sample on Save Our Environment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A big part of the trees is cut to make paper to help us do our personal and official works. If the use of paper will be minimized then we can save a large number of trees from being cut, which leads into healthy and clean environment that is fresh air and healthy life. One of the biggest initiatives to save trees is to promoting the use of paper less media like mobile phones. It is really a great idea to use paperless media to minimize the use of paper. Another initiative, which has been taken by schools, colleges, and universities in the increase in online examinations. Finally, i hope that one day we could be a responsible human being, we all need to take some initiatives to protect environment and to save trees to live a better life. That is all, thanks for listening.

Corporate Social Responsibility Investigating Theory and Research

Question: Discuss about the Corporate Social Responsibility : Investigating Theory and Research. Answer: Introduction The aim of this study is to learn about the retail marketing of the company that is a leading company of retail and many other segments. The companies who deal in retail marketing are very dynamic in nature as they have deal fast changing sectors present in the market. The retail marketing is called as one of the major sector of the economy in various segments like turnover, transactions, and customers. Retail business is one of the most competitive and highly sophisticated industries present in the market. Wesfarmers is company that conduct constantly monitoring of the other retailers and market place (Vargo, and Lusch, 2011). It helps to analyze and identify the latest trends, timely fashion, expectations of the customers, change in the taste, and demand of the customers. Now days, it has become more difficult to tackle the risk and challenges present in the market. This is due to the highly competitive markets and where the taste and preference of the customers changes very quickl y (Wagner, Bicen, and Hall, 2008). In this study, the discussion will be on the wheel of retailing and also on the lifecycle of the retail industries with relevant theories and approaches to make the concepts of retailing clearly. The consumers have a freedom to those the products according to their needs and want which increase the competition and worries of the retailers and manufacturers (Moussa, and Touzani, 2010). They also become this loyal to the brands especially when the products are substitutes, equivalent of good quality and easily available in the markets and industries. The decrease in the international barriers results in increase in the availability of products and services in the market. Furthermore, the change and up gradation in the technology and the advent of the internet facilities has added new parameters to the Wesfarmers company. It also has provided new experience to the customers (Verhoef, Lemon, Parasuraman, Roggeveen, Tsiros, and Schlesinger, 2009). The company Wesfarmers was found in the year 1914 as a cooperative society of the farmers whose major work is to provide services and products related to the agriculture in the Western Australias rural community. They diversified their business in to liquefied petroleum gas. They move form fertilizer industry, then forestry, distribution, and insurance. Gradually, the company has become one of the leading companies of Australia which is a public company in various terms, it has become a retailer. The company is divided into two segments (Hyman, Kopf, and Lee, 2010). the one segment is comprise of retail marketing that itself comprises of fur segments food segment, liquor, outdoor games, and convenience retailer. It is a diversified corporation with more than 220,000 employees and more than 5, 30,000 shareholders. Competitive Strategy The Wheel of Retailing concept was firstly introduced by McNair from the Harvard University. This theory is considered as one of the most observed theory. It refers to the changes that come into the retail industry during the evolution of life cycles. It is a kind of theory that helps in understanding the changes that has been taken place when innovation included in the business organisations. It is a hypothesis that explains that how the retailers can approach to capture the markets and the shares to crate brand value and shares of their company (Boshoff, 2007). It explains that ho the retailers started their business at low sales, price, profit levels, prestige and slowly with time they increase all the above mentioned things. This theory is adopted by the company Wesfarmers also begin with zero. It is not relevant that this theory can apply on each and every retail stores as every tore has its own situations and conditions. Step 1 of this theory is establishment and penetration in the market is very important to set the price of the goods and services sell by the company the process of market penetration leads in high demand of the products as the price of the good sis comparatively less than the products available in the markets (Glanz, Bader, and Iyer, 2012). The expansion in the markets of a company can also be possible when the company improves the working performance and productivity of to the company. The retail business can expand their business by simple analyzing the mechanism present in the market. There are lots of risk involves in the external environment that are required to be analyzed and indentifies (Baker, and Hart, 2008). There are trade barriers and many other barriers in the expansion like high competition, government, and legal factors. The company has to find the target market before going for the expansion process. The main of motive of all the business is to earn profits and profits and revenues can be earned when there are high profit margins in the sales take place. The company Wesfarmers has high margins as they direct make sakes of the products manufactured by them only. In this way, the company can improve by manufacturing their own items (Leonidou, and Leonidou, 2011). There are companies that can change the position of other company by entering into the markets There are many new companies who come up with high technology and good quality of products that leads in slow down the sales and profits of the other company; it is one of the biggest risks for the retail companies that are new entrants into the market segment (Certo, Sirmon, and Brymer, 2010). It can be fixed by bringing continuous improvement and innovation in the products and services provided by the company. There are various types of challenges in the wheel retail company as it focuses only on the margins and prices where the other variable are rejected and neglected. This is not applicable on all types of business like boutiques, convenience centers, and vending machines. Wesfarmers company retailers core competitors are Woolsworth, Hs home, Myer, and best less. These are the major competitors of this company. In Australian market, Wesfarmers is enjoying a leading position (Castaldo, Premazzi, and Zerbini, 2010). There is a significant amount of competition faced by this company as the strategies and policies of this company are very unique and do not let the other company to curb the sales in the markets. Store design strategy and the techniques use by Wesfarmers to encourage the customer, to stay, explore and buy the products The company is using one of the most effective techniques to attract their customers to the stores. The strategy used by Wesfarmers is a defensive model and strategies that is dominating the entire markets of Australia and the other brands of retail sector. The performance and productivity of this company lead the other stores to adopt their designs for the management of the stores. Through such designs the company has added lots of value to its products and services (Booker, Bontis, and Serenko, 2008). The big chain stores like Wesfarmers, where the customers entered just to visit the store, still make purchases without any plan to make purchases due to the attractive displays. The company knows to style and design their stores in a way that customers get attracted towards it by creating and putting g tempting displays items to let the customers keep the m for shopping. The secret behind the Wesfarmers stores are the layouts and designs that have been designed by the famous designers and experts who worked with the major retailers of the world. Window displays plays a vital role which is one of the major advantage with the stores of Wesfarmers. It let the customers simply enter into the stores and shops. Just like the eyes are the window of our soul, the windows of the shops are the mirror that reflects the image of the entire company ad stores. According to one designer, each window should tell a story. It can be done by choosing good colors, to grab the attention of the customers. There must be avoidance of the clutter as space is equivalent to the luxury. There is no need to cram the items of the window as it will look cheap. Try to put only selected items (Yadav, and Pavlou, 2014). It is very important to make a first impression on the customers when they enter into the stores. It is an eye catching moment for the retailers to impress their customers. It may help to make good amount of sales. They also use good room fresheners, and plants. At the entrance of the stores to make the customers happy and attracted (Horava, 2011). The entry way of the stores and shops must be o the right side. There are various types of studies that show that mostly the people look at left first thane right as they entered the shop and stores (Giacalone, and Rosenfeld, 2013). In this way, the customers move to right and then counter clock wise. Wesfarmers follows the same trend and format to upscale the sale of their stores. they use bright color, scents, paintings, and other beautiful things at right to encourage them to move to the right direction and begin to walk into the stores is a counter clockwise direction. The company Wesfarmers believes that there must be a beautiful end and aisle in the stores. There are many small retailers who end their stress at bathroom or store rooms. They must create an aisle at the ends of the stores to lead the customers to a department which do not end and if end than it will be a beautiful end (Jacob, and Ulaga, 2008). Wesfarmers has used its space very effectively and smartly by cutting visual images, parallel aisle, and exterior walls. They have placed everything in a way that it looks beautiful. It helps the customers to navigate the way to the stores into the forward direction. The company has used an angular way to set the angle for the customers (Lukka, and Modell, 2010). It is notices that more than 20 % of the stores do not have any break at their stores which create a situation of mess in the stores. It do not provide attraction of the customers as they do not stop and take break to think and to take rest. There must be long aisles, visual breaks, and signs. There are special displays in between the shops to stop the customers and give them idea about the availability of the products in the stores (Mulhern, 2009). There are various ways to attract and retain the customers at the stores and to make them purchase like The stores can ask the best employees and the customers to visit and stores an dot provide feedback to the other customers. They can also use questionnaire which help to pinpoint the issues. Stores can also take pictures and gather the staff for the analysis of the stores. There is a need to make regular changes in the stores. They can also go and check the layouts and designs of the other retailer have to make changes (Lee, 2009). The retailers can also collect decorative items to make their displays looks more attractive. They can paint and use the themes related to the festivals and occasions. They can use old and unused material like can, cases, old chairs, and paper to decorate the displays (Piekkari, Plakoyiannaki, and Welch, 2010). The displays must be changed on a regular basis to provide a fresh experience to the customers every time they enter into the stores or shops. It can help the stores to make the customers happy and to buy products. The retail stores have to do all sort of work that helps them to retain the customers and to make them buy the products. They have to manage the stores, customers, sales, and products. The employees who work in the retail stores are required to be blend with various types of skills, like dynamic nature, politeness, versatility, good communications, and good understanding. There are various types of requirement that are required in the store and in the store managers to make higher amount of sales (Vaaland, Heide, and Grnhaug, 2008). Technology plays a vital role as it can be used in different types of place like for experiment, to communicate to mobile users, to convince the shoppers, and to promote online presence of the retail stores. The company Wesfarmers can use virtual mannequins to trigger the customers. To gather the information of the product the customers can use NFC enable shelf labels and scan them to add into their basket. They can also make payment by the same (Verhoef, Lemon, Parasuraman, Roggeveen, Tsiros, and Schlesinger, 2009). The company can use their cards to pick and item simple by scanning them using Tesco scan at their stores. It is handy and entertaining for the kids and youth. M S order hubs and browse can help to browse the catalogues for any item and also to explore the information related to the product. The device has card payment ad huge iPhones (Alvesson, and Sandberg, 2013). It is one of the most critical things for all the retail stores and other business. The retail business is all about to satisfy the needs and wants of the customers by providing them great experience and exposure to the stores every time. It is very relevant for the companies to provide a good sales experience to their customers so that they want to come again to the stores. In order to provide this, eth company are requires to have effective and efficient sale persons at the stores and prominent management in the stores (Metters, and Marucheck, 2007). They have the caliber to analyze the demand of the customers their strength, and choice. They should also know to manage in the critical ad delicate matters take place at the stores. They must be patient and fair enough. The people must be motivated to sale the product to the right customers. They must have sales experience to be responsible employees at the stores (Serenko, Bontis, Booker, Sadeddin, and Hardie, 2010). The skills and knowledge related to the sales must be present in the employees he has the caliber to motivate, persuade, and satisfy the customers. The employees who are working at the stores must have good communication skills (Boardman, and Gray, 2010). As he has to manage the stores and customers, some of the skills must be there like customer handling, knowledge of stores, decision making both negative and positive. There is no crisis in the company Wesfarmers but still the company sometimes face challenges relate to the Technology, Customer care services, Product variety, and Delivery of the products. The sales of the company were good in the month of September. Earlier the technology used by this company was obsolete like the payment method and bill counters. Now the company has change the entire billing system. The customer services are also improved by building a separate company for the customers handling. The product variety and quality has been improved by changing the techniques of the production. Conclusion At last, a conclusion on the present study is to discover about the retail marketing of the Wesfarmers Company. It is one of the leading companies of retail and many other segments in Australia. Wesfarmers company deals in retail marketing which is very dynamic in nature as it is fastest changing sectors present in the markets. From this report we can understand that the retail business is the most aggressive and highly classy industries in current the market. Wesfarmers Company believes and conducts regularly monitoring of the other retailers and market place. It is very relevant to study the external and internal markets to analyze the latest trends, timely fashion, expectations of the customers, change in the taste, and demand of the customers. As there is high risk in the eternal markets and environment of the company, the companies make regular forecast relating to the markets and competition present. It has become more difficult to manage the risk and challenges present in the market. Due to the highly aggressive markets, where the taste and preference of the customers changes very quickly, Wesfarmers have to keep them updated. The basic motive of this study is to discuss about the wheel of retailing takes place on the retailing industries. As the lifecycle of the retail industries are changing the need of relevant theories and approaches to make the concepts of retailing becoming more relevant. This study will help to learn the same. As studied above, the consumers are free to choose the products according to their needs and want which increase the competition and worries of the retailers and manufacturers. Due to which the customer also become disloyal to the brands when there are substitutes, equivalent of good quality and easily available in the markets and industries. There are other factors also that increase the worries of the retailers that are decrees in the international barriers results in increase in the availability of products and services in the market. References Alvesson, M. and Sandberg, J., 2013. Has management studies lost its way? 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Competition and scholarly productivity in management: Investigating changes in scholarship from 1988 to 2008.Academy of Management Learning Education,9(4), pp.591-606. Giacalone, R.A. and Rosenfeld, P., 2013.Impression management in the organization. Psychology Press.Merrilees, B. and Miller, D., 2008. Principles of corporate rebranding.european Journal of Marketing,42(5/6), pp.537-552. Glanz, K., Bader, M.D. and Iyer, S., 2012. Retail grocery store marketing strategies and obesity: an integrative review.American journal of preventive medicine,42(5), pp.503-512. Horava, T., 2011. Challenges and possibilities for collection management in a digital age.Library Resources Technical Services,54(3), pp.142-152. Hyman, M.R., Kopf, D.A. and Lee, D., 2010. Review of literatureFuture research suggestions: Private label brands: Benefits, success factors and future research.Journal of Brand Management,17(5), pp.368-389. Jacob, F. and Ulaga, W., 2008. The transition from product to service in business markets: An agenda for academic inquiry.Industrial marketing management,37(3), pp.247-253. Lee, R., 2009. Social capital and business and management: Setting a research agenda.International Journal of Management Reviews,11(3), pp.247-273. Leonidou, C.N. and Leonidou, L.C., 2011. Research into environmental marketing/management: a bibliographic analysis.European Journal of Marketing,45(1/2), pp.68-103. Lukka, K. and Modell, S., 2010. Validation in interpretive management accounting research.Accounting, Organizations and Society,35(4), pp.462-477. Metters, R. and Marucheck, A., 2007. Service managementacademic issues and scholarly reflections from operations management researchers.Decision Sciences,38(2), pp.195-214. Moussa, S. and Touzani, M., 2010. Ranking marketing journals using the Google Scholar-based hg-index.Journal of Informetrics,4(1), pp.107-117. Mulhern, F., 2009. Integrated marketing communications: From media channels to digital connectivity.Journal of marketing communications,15(2-3), pp.85-101. Piekkari, R., Plakoyiannaki, E. and Welch, C., 2010. Goodcase research in industrial marketing: Insights from research practice.Industrial Marketing Management,39(1), pp.109-117. Serenko, A., Bontis, N., Booker, L., Sadeddin, K. and Hardie, T., 2010. A scientometric analysis of knowledge management and intellectual capital academic literature (1994-2008).Journal of Knowledge Management,14(1), pp.3-23. Vaaland, T.I., Heide, M. and Grnhaug, K., 2008. Corporate social responsibility: investigating theory and research in the marketing context.European Journal of Marketing,42(9/10), pp.927-953. Vargo, S.L. and Lusch, R.F., 2011. It's all B2B and beyond: Toward a systems perspective of the market.Industrial marketing management,40(2), pp.181-187. Verhoef, P.C., Lemon, K.N., Parasuraman, A., Roggeveen, A., Tsiros, M. and Schlesinger, L.A., 2009. Customer experience creation: Determinants, dynamics and management strategies.Journal of retailing,85(1), pp.31-41. Wagner, T., Bicen, P. and Hall, Z.R., 2008. The dark side of retailing: towards a scale of corporate social irresponsibility.International Journal of Retail Distribution Management,36(2), pp.124-142. Yadav, M.S. and Pavlou, P.A., 2014. Marketing in computer-mediated environments: Research synthesis and new directions.Journal of Marketing,78(1), pp.20-40.

Sample Essay Writing for English Proficiency Test

Sample Essay Writing for English Proficiency TestSample essay writing for English proficiency test, yes, they are indeed available. However, what makes such preparation a necessity? Why is the requirement of sample essays so important?You could ask this common question: What is the benefit of writing a sample for the purpose of an English proficiency test? As a matter of fact, the answer to this question should be rather simple and straightforward. It is due to the fact that when a person writes the sample, they learn many methods and techniques that would help them with the practice as well as the evaluation of the essay that they are going to be writing. Now you should realize that in order to pass the essay written by yourself, you would need to be able to grasp this importance of sample writing for English proficiency test.So, what are some of the benefits of the sample essay? For one thing, you would learn how to organize a better essay, based on your own ideas and to the point. Therefore, the final draft would be more informative and concise, and thus be much easier to pass. Furthermore, you would also learn to take into consideration various topics that may be discussed in the final draft of the essay. Therefore, as a matter of fact, the sample would be very helpful in improving the topic analysis as well as the writing skills that would be required for the essay.While a sample essay does not allow you to write an original essay, it does provide you with plenty of valuable information about writing an essay and testing in general. In a way, this means that you will be able to prepare and properly utilize the lessons that you learn from the sample essay. This is the major reason why writing a sample essay is so crucial in preparing for the essay, and how it provides so much value to the writer.Writing a sample for an English proficiency test is quite helpful for you because, in the first place, you would get more practice in writing, you would also learn how to arrange different topics in a logical manner and how to spell correctly when writing the essay. Moreover, you would also learn how to organize the material properly and how to distribute your thoughts in the best way possible, thus teaching you how to organize and list them out in the best possible manner.With this, you would then be able to see that an essay is actually very essential, but that you must practice your skill in writing in order to be able to score well in an essay. Thus, the necessity of writing a sample is very important.Most people find writing an essay a rather difficult task, and therefore they would resort to writing the essay themselves. However, in the end, there are still some things that you would need to know about writing an essay, and one of these things is the need to create a coherent theme or idea for the essay.You would also need to create a specific topic, and you would need to start writing the essay with a specific theme in mind. There are s everal ways in which you can do this, such as through brainstorming and then after that analyzing the flow of the ideas, and following through the flow of the paper to the end. If you will take the help of a sample essay, you will be able to properly organize your thoughts as well as to organize the ideas you have within a certain topic.

Radiation Dose Reduction Strategies in Cardiac CT Angiography

Introduction With great advancements in technology especially in the field of medicine, computed tomography (CT) has developed to become a very important clinical tool (Smith-Bindman et al. 2009). The use of CT examinations has also substantially increased.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Radiation Dose Reduction Strategies in Cardiac CT Angiography specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the U.S., for example, the number increased from 3 million from the 80s to about 70 million by 2007. Computed tomography has been integrated into various healthcare procedures and has led to the dramatic improvement of patient health care. For this reason, CT has been considered among the most useful technologies in medicine. The use of coronary CT angiography (CCTA) has been established to be a useful tool in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease (Goitein et al. 2011). This is basically because it allows for non-invasiv e evaluation of coronary arteries (Flohr, Raupach, and Bruder 2009). It is currently used in the evaluation of acute chest pains. CCTA is also used in the elimination of coronary atherosclerosis. For this particular reason, it has been recognized to be valuable among those with intermediate cardiovascular risks (Torres et al. 2010). Despite the importance of CT in medicine, it is known to be a great source of radiation that may be harmful to the human health. The radiation doses associated with this procedure is said to be much higher than those associated with the x-rays. A typical example is that of a chest CT scan. It is said to deliver more than 100 times that of a conventional chest radiograph (Flohr, Raupach, and Bruder 2009). Therefore, the increased use of CT in medical examinations has led to the subsequent increase in the exposure of ionizing radiation to individuals. This has led to great concerns since exposure to ionizing radiation has been associated with the developme nt of cancer (Smith-Bindman et al. 2009). In a particular study, the amount of radiation that is exposed to the patient during a single CT scan was compared to that which the long-term Chernobyl survivors were exposed to (Smith-Bindman et al. 2009).Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Radiations from cardiac CT angiography have increased the impact and prevalence of cardiac atherosclerosis among individuals. For this reason, regulation of the exposure of these elements has been necessary and has been done through adherence to the ALARA principle, which stands for ‘As Low As Reasonably Achievable’. The ALARA principle came about as a measure to reduce the harmful effects of radiation during any procedure involving radiation (Stolzmann et al. 2008). This implies that reasonable methods should be employed in order to ensure that an individual encounters minimum r adiation doses. It is believed that each radiation dose increases the risk of genetic mutation or cancerous developments. However, since it is also necessary to maintain the image quality in terms of spatial and temporal resolution, it is important to consider both the radiation doses and image quality while performing CCTA. Studies have shown how to comply with the ALARA principle while maintaining an image quality that would be useful in diagnosis (Torres et al. 2010). Methodology The method used for this paper included a thorough literature search to find relevant peer-reviewed articles. The various databases that were used included Medscape, ScienceDirect, PubMed and ProQuest. The keywords that were used included ‘Cardiac CT Angiography’, ‘CT radiation doses’ and ‘radiation reduction strategies in CT angiography’. From the available articles, only those that were most relevant to the study were selected. Relevance of the articles was determ ined through the analysis of the articles’ titles, abstracts and conclusions. The results were also checked and highlighted. In order to ensure up-to-date information, the search criterion was limited to articles published between 2008 and 2013 (not more than 5 years old). From the articles selected, various radiation reduction strategies were highlighted and may be summarised as shown below.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Radiation Dose Reduction Strategies in Cardiac CT Angiography specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Tube current Tube Potential ECG Gating Position of Patient Z-axis Coverage Automatic Exposure Control (ACE) Collimation Using of Dual Energy Technology Exposing the Area of Interest Only (FOV) Fast Gantry Rotation Time Using Reconstruction Techniques Pitch Over-ranging Objectives To identify the various strategies to reduce radiation exposure in cardiac (coronary) CT angiography T o highlight some of the limitations associated with CCTA To provide recommendations for the appropriate strategies to employ while performing coronary CT angiography Tube current Studies have indicated that the tube current within the CT suite should not be constant for all individuals (Leipsic et al. 2010). Several strategies have been studied to ensure optimal tube current during CCTA. One of the strategies employed is the weight-based approach. This approach aims at adjusting the tube current based on the individual’s body weight or body mass index (Lee et al. 2012). This may be necessary to avoid the possibility of overexposing the individual to radiation. The tube current should be tailored to fit the individuals with different Body Mass Index (BMI) (Leipsic et al. 2010). This is meant to correct for different body shapes in order to ensure minimal radiation exposure while maintaining diagnostic image quality (Tatsugami et al. 2008). Further research is underway to expl ore possibility of using diameter or thoracic shape (Shrimpton et al. 2009). This may provide a better alternative for future use as practitioners observe the ALARA principle. Tube Potential The tube potential also determines the amount of radiation exposure to patients (Lund et al. 2009). The relationship between the two is exponential. Increasing the tube voltage increases the radiation exposure by the square of that factor (Torres et al. 2010). ECG Gating For CCTA to be successful, â€Å"motionless† images of the coronary arteries should be acquired. For this to happen, all reconstructed images at a specific time must correspond to a specific point in the cardiac cycle. This may be made possible through ECG gating, which involves synchronizing with the ECG (Stolzmann et al. 2008). One of the ways this is done is through retrospective ECG gating. This involves the activation of the x-ray beam throughout the entire cardiac cycle. Images are then reconstructed in any desired phase of the cycle. This method allows for the selection of the appropriate images to reconstruct for each vessel. Despite the fact that this method allows for the assessment of any wall motion abnormality, valve function and ejection fraction, it exposes the patient to high radiation doses.Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The alternative method, prospective ECG Gating, involves the same procedure but is only done in a specific period in the cycle (Wu, Budovec, and Foley 2009, 958). The interval between a whole cycle is referred to as the R-R interval. The x-ray tube is only activated at a particular point in the interval and is referred to as the phase window. As the phase window is made narrower, the radiation dose is also decreased. Therefore, this method may be useful in minimizing exposure of radiation to the patient. However, this also comes at a cost. Fewer phases of the cycle will be available for image reconstruction. For this reason, it may be difficult to obtain quality images with an increased heart rate (DeFrance et al. 2010). Position of Patient Another important factor to consider while reducing radiation dose is the position of the patient in the gantry. The patient should be placed in such a way as to ensure that the area of concern is placed at the isocenter. This would ensure that t he beam crossing that region in whatever direction would cross as much body tissue as possible. A well-positioned patient would facilitate constant image noise and avoid increased surface radiation dose (Bae et al. 2008). Z-axis Coverage The total radiation dose is greatly influenced by the craniocaudal length (Khan et al. 2011). This is basically due to the fact that it directly relates to the dose-length product. One way of reducing the radiation dose in CCTA is by limiting this length. Automatic Exposure Control (ACE) The ACE is a device that facilitates the termination of x-ray exposure. The x-ray terminal may be operated by man or automatically by the ACE. This device ensures that there is a consistent x-ray film. It may be useful in ensuring reduced radiation dose to the patient since it ensures a good consistent x-ray density in order to match the shapes and sizes of different individuals (Bae et al. 2008). Collimation The adaptive section collimation is a method that is prom ising to reduce radiation dose in CCTA (Deak et al. 2009). The results from a study by Deak and his colleagues showed that this method allowed great reduction of unnecessary exposure to radiation due to z-overscanning. They recommended that it could be used together with other strategies such as AEC and spectral optimization. Using of Dual Energy Technology The use of dual source CT has provided solutions to problems that were experienced during the implementation of CT angiography. The main problem was the fact that imaging needed rapid volume coverage while resolving the disease in vessels. This technology employs the use of two x-ray sources and detectors and ensures double temporal resolution at twice the speed (Torres et al. 2010). Therefore, radiation exposure is minimized. Exposing the Area of Interest Only (FOV) Another way of decreasing radiation dose is by exposing the area of interest only for imaging. This ensures that there is an increased z-coverage requiring few image s that maintain diagnostic image quality (Khan et al. 2011). Fast Gantry Rotation Time In order to facilitate underexposure of radiation to the patient, some scanners have the capability of sub-second gantry rotation times. When this is coupled with tube current modulation, it causes tube current saturation. This means that the tube current works at maximum capacity (Israel et al, 2008). Using Reconstruction Techniques The reconstruction method used is also an important consideration. There are two classes that include the surface-based and thresholding-based reconstruction techniques. The thresholding-based reconstruction is preferred (Leipsic et al. 2010). This is due to its speed and its use of relatively small amount of computational power. Pitch The high-pitch CT angiography is a technology that has helped achieve reduced radiation exposure to patients. This is mainly because they have significantly reduced the scan time and allowed greater volumes to be covered at a time (Apfa ltrer et al. 2012). Over-ranging Over-ranging is another strategy for reducing radiation dose exposure. It facilitates the covering of large areas during scanning in order to ensure that the examination is done at a shorter period. The wide-range detectors may be used to facilitate this. Limitations of CCTA Despite the many advantages associated with cardiac CT angiography, this technology has its limitations. CT scanners produce ionizing radiation that come into contact with the patient while under examination. Increasingly high exposure to radiations from these procedures increases risks of cancer. This is even more worrying since the number of people exposed to these radiations has increased over time since CCTA procedures are done virtually everywhere. Some studies have shown the possibility of CT angiography false-detecting coronary obstruction where it actually does not exist (Nissen 2008). Such a high false-positive rate may be dangerous since it may lead to unnecessary proce dures. For CCTA to be successful, the heart rate must be about 65 beats per minutes (McCollough 2008). When this heart rate is exceeded, the quality of images may be affected. Foods and drinks containing caffeine may increase heart rate. Therefore, patients should be encouraged not to take them before examination. Patients also need to be trained on proper breath-holding techniques in order to get diagnostic images (Hausleiter et al. 2009). Another limitation is the fact that contraindicated contrast material may lead to misinterpretation of results. Lack of clinical and radiological experts is another limitation since not many are trained in the field. Since the machines used for CCTA are expensive, lack of funding may lead to the use of poor equipment. Discussion The technology behind CCTA has proved very beneficial in the field of medicine. Several improvements have been made to make examination more effective and efficient. This includes reduction of radiation exposure and impro ved image quality. Despite the several studies that have been done in order to reduce radiation dose, several limitations still exist. This calls for further research in the field. Recommendations Several strategies have been studied but each has its pros and cons. While using ECG gating, for example, it would be recommended to use the prospective ECG gating instead of using retrospective ECG gating (Miller, Rochitte, and Dewey 2008, 2330). Among the various protocols used in CCTA, the 64-row MDCTCA has been recommended (Johnson, Pannu Fishman, 2009). It is also recommended that patient preparation should be done before the patient undergoes examination. During examination, exposure parameters such as tube potential and tube current should be adapted to the individuals BMI. Proper positioning of the patient in the scanner is also recommended in order to ensure optimization of CCTA. Conclusion Great advancements in technology led to the introduction of coronary CT angiography. This technology allowed for the non-invasive imaging of coronary arteries. The multi-detector computed tomography (CT) scanners were used to perform this examination. Within few years, this technology was in use in virtually every medical situation. This procedure promised to provide safe and painless diagnosis of coronary disease. However, it was not long before some of the limitations of this procedure were discovered. The most worrying of the issues associated with CCTA was exposure to ionizing radiations that were linked to cancerous developments. For this reason, the ALARA principle was introduced in order to ensure that the patient is exposed to minimal radiation dose. Several strategies have been suggested and used to reduce the radiation dose in cardiac CT angiography (Raff et al. 2009). However, some problems are still encountered with the strategies that are in place. Therefore, more research is required to find more effective and safe methods of diagnosing coronary artery dise ase. References Apfaltrer, Paul, Herbert Hanna, Joseph Schoepf, Janet Spears, Stefan Schoenberg, Christian Fink, Rozemarijn Vliegenthart. 2012. â€Å"Radiation dose and image quality at high-pitch CT angiography of the aorta: intraindividual and interindividual comparisons with conventional CT angiography.† AJR 199(6): 1402-1409. Bae, Kein, Ann Seek, Calton Hildebolt, Ching Tao, Fing Zhu, Mang Kanematsu, and Kate Woodard. 2008. â€Å"Contrast enhancement in cardiovascular MDCT: effect of body weight, height, body surface area, body mass index, and obesity.† AJR Am J 190(1): 777-784. Deak, Paul, Oliver Langner, Michael Lell, and Willi Kalender. 2009. â€Å"Effects of Adaptive Section Collimation on Patient Radiation Dose in Multisection Spiral CT.† Radiology 252(1): 140-147. DeFrance, Tony, Eric Dubois, Dan Gebow, Alex Ramirez, Florian Wolf, and Gudrun Feuchtner. 2010. â€Å"Helical prospective ECG-gating in cardiac computed tomography: radiation dose and image quality.† Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 26(1): 99-107. Flohr, Thomas, Rainer Raupach, Herbert Bruder. 2009. â€Å"Cardiac CT: How much can temporal resolution, spatial resolution, and volume coverage be improved?† J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr 3(1): 143-152. Goitein, Orly, Shlomi Matetzky, Yael Eshet, David Goitein, Ashraf Hamda, Elio Segni, and Eli Konen. 2011. â€Å"Coronary CT angiography for acute chest pain triage: Techniques for radiation exposure reduction, 128 vs 64 multidetector CT.† Acta Radiologica 52(1): 840-845. doi:10.1258/ar.2011.110169. Hausleiter, Jorg, Todd Meyer, Frost Hermann, Mann Hadamitzky, Moses Krebs, and Tiana Gerber. 2009. â€Å"Estimated radiation dose associated with cardiac CT angiography.† JAMA 301(1): 500-507. Israel, Gray, Summer Herlihy, Ami Rubinowitz, Daniel Cornfield, and James Brink. 2008. â€Å"Does a Combination of Dose Modulation with Fast Gantry Rotation Time Limit CT Image Quality?† AJR 191(1): 140-144. Johnson, Pa mela, Harpreet Pannu, and Elliot Fishman. 2009. â€Å"IV contrast infusion for coronary artery CT angiography: literature review and results of a nationwide survey.† AJR Am J 192(1): 214-221. Khan, Atif, Khurram Nasir, Faisal Khosa, Amina Saghir, Sheryar Sarwar and Melvin Clouse. 2011. â€Å"Prospective Gating With 320-MDCT Angiography: Effect of Volume Scan Length on Radiation Dose.† American Journal of Roentgenology 196(1): 407-411. Doi:10.2214/AJR.10.4903. Lee, Yi-Wei, Ching-Ching Yang, Greta Mok, and Tung-Hsin Wu. 2012. â€Å"Infant cardiac CT Angiography with 64-Slice and 256-Slice CT: Comparison of Radiation Dose and Image Quality Using a Pediatric Phantom.† PLOS ONE 7(11): 1-9. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0049609. Leipsic, Jonathon, Troy LaBounty, Brett Heilbron, James Min, John Mancini, Fay Lin, Carolyn Taylor, Allison Dunning, and James Earls. 2010. â€Å"Estimated Radiation Dose Reduction Using Adaptive Statistical Iterative Reconstruction in Coronary CT Angiography: The ERASIR Study.† AJR 195(1): 655-660. DOI:10.2214/AJR.10.4288. 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Shrimpton, Paul, Barry Wal, Terry Yoshizumi, Lee Hurwitz, and Paul Goodman. 2009. â€Å"Effective dose and dose-length product in CT.† Radiology 250(1): 604-605. Smith-Bindman, Rebecca, Jafi Lipson, Ralph Marcus, Kwang-Pyo Kim, Mahadevappa Mahesh, Robert Gould, Amy Berrington, and Diana Migliretti. 2009. â€Å"Radiation Dose Associated With Common Computed Tomography Examinations and the Associated Lifetime Attributable Risk of Cancer.† Arch Intern Med 169(22): 2078-2086. Stolzmann, Paul, Hans Scheffel, Thomas Schertler, Thomas Frauenfelder, Sebastian Leschka, Lars Husmann, Thomas Flohr, Borut Marincek, Philipp Kaufmann, and Hatem Alkadhi. 2008. â€Å"Radiation dose estimates in dual-source computed tomography coronary angiography.† Eur Radiol 18(1): 592-599. doi.10.1007/s00330-007-0786-8. Tatsugami, Fuminari, Lars Husmann, Bernhard Herzog, and Nina Burkhard. 2009. â€Å"Evaluation of a bod y mass index-adapted protocol for low-dose 64-MDCT coronary angiography with prospective ECG triggering.† AJR 192(1): 635-638. Torres, Felipe, Andrew Crean, Elsie Nguyen, and Narinder Paul. 2010. â€Å"Strategies for radiation-dose reduction and image-quality optimization in multidetector computed tomographic coronary angiography.† Canadian Association of Radiologists Journal 61(1): 271-279. doi:10.1016/j.carj.2009.11.013. Wu, Wenhui, Joseph Budovec, and Dennis Foley. 2009. â€Å"Prospective and retrospective ECG gating for thoracic CT angiography: A comparative study.† AJR 193(1): 955-963. This research paper on Radiation Dose Reduction Strategies in Cardiac CT Angiography was written and submitted by user Marcus U. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. 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