Ethical Consumerism and Twinings Company

Introduction Ethical consumerism has become an integral aspect of the modern economy. Individuals are increasingly making their consumption decisions based on ethical values.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Ethical Consumerism and Twinings Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Ethical consumerism refers to â€Å"the practice of purchasing products and services produced and distributed in a way that minimises social and environmental damage† (Attalla Carrigan 2001, pp. 560-578). Thus, an ethical consumer is a person who purchases goods and services that support environmental and social responsibility. Ethical consumerism is driven by the need to improve the wellbeing of consumers and the society, as well as, profits in a sustainable manner (Gemma Makatouni 2010, pp. 287-299). Given the increase in demand for ethically produced goods, companies are shifting to ethical marketing to improve their competi tiveness. This paper will examine the impact of ethical consumerism on Twinings Company. It will begin with an overview of Twinings. This will be followed by a discussion on the ways in which ethical consumers affect the company’s marketing strategy. Recommendations will also be made to enable the company to respond effectively to ethical consumerism. Overview of Twinings Twinings is a leading vendor of high quality tea in the world. The company was founded in 1706 in London where its headquarters is located. Currently, the company is owned by Associated British Foods and its products are sold in over 100 countries. Twinings sells over 500 varieties of specialty tea brands. Its mission is to be the leading producer of premium tea brands in the world. The philosophy of the company is â€Å"to be totally committed to producing the highest quality tea brands and make them accessible to everyone† (Twinings 2015).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? L et's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Twinings has several organisational values that guide its operations. These include aiming high, freedom to act, scope for growth, and collaboration. The main competitors of Twinings in the global tea market include PG Tips Tea, Lipton Yellow, and Tetley. PG Tips is the main competitor since it has the largest market share of 25% (Pashova, Nikolova Dimitrov 2013, pp. 1-9). Tetley is the second largest competitor with a market share of 23%. Twinings has a total market share of 14%, which makes it the third largest firm in the industry. However, it has a dominant position in the specialty tea market. Twinings controls nearly 48.5% of the specialty tea market (Twinings 2015). This achievement is attributed to the market knowledge and experience that the company has gained in the last 300 years. Twinings also faces competition from small specialty tea companies in London. These include Teanamu, Tea Palac e, Tea Smith, and Postcard Teas. Impact of Ethical Consumerism 4Ps of Marketing Ethical consumerism has a great impact on the company’s marketing mix strategy. To begin with, the product strategy of the company promotes production of tea in an ethical manner. The company collaborates with its suppliers to ensure that the people working in various tea estates are treated fairly (Twinings 2015). Twinings ensures that workers in tea estates are paid living wages and their working conditions are safe. It also discourages discrimination and child labour. Twinings uses ethical sourcing to access high quality ingredients and packaging materials that have the least negative effects on the environment. The company purchases tea only from farms that promote social and environmental sustainability. Twinings also supports development initiatives in countries where it obtains its raw tea. For instance, it has partnered with Save the Children to support access to maternal and child health services in China and India.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Ethical Consumerism and Twinings Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In Kenya, the company provides training to farm workers to prevent gender-based discrimination in tea estates. The pricing strategy of the company ensures fairness. Twinings uses value-based pricing to sell its products. This involves setting prices according to the benefits or value that consumers derive from its products. Most customers in the specialty tea market are ready to pay as high as 15% more than the price of mainstream tea to access high quality products (Justorines Richard 2012, pp. 412-422). However, Twinings focuses on reducing production costs to deliver superior quality at affordable prices. For instance, the company purchases tea directly from farmers to avoid the costs associated with dealing with intermediaries. As a result, its suppliers receive fair prices , whereas its customers pay affordable prices. The company’s promotional strategy encourages ethical marketing. Twinings uses advertising to create awareness about its products. It ensures that its adverts provide truthful and honest messages about the quality and benefits of its products. This prevents enticing customers to buy products without making informed decisions (Amstrong Kotler 2011, p. 123). The company also uses public relations initiatives such as press releases to educate the public on the importance of consuming organic tea. The company sponsors research on the health benefits of consuming high quality tea. The results of the studies are usually published in newspapers and lifestyle magazines to educate the public.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This strategy improves the welfare of the community by encouraging individuals to consume healthy tea to avoid lifestyle diseases such as obesity (Tallontire, Rentsendorj Blowfield 2001, p. 3). The distribution strategy of Twinings promotes eco-efficiency and elimination of unethical practices in its supply chain. The products of the company are distributed by independent distributors in various markets. Twinings avoids abusing its bargaining power as a major supplier of high quality tea brands. For instance, it provides generous profit margins to support the operations of its distributors. Moreover, the company has embarked on paperless transactions by using digital platforms such as sales websites to minimise its ecological footprint. Sustainable Brand Innovation Consumers normally react to a brand based on the way they perceive its value or qualities. This means that ethical values are important in marketing because they can validate or damage a brand (Eckhardt, Belk Devinney 2 010, pp. 426-436). A brand must be a good corporate citizen in order to survive in a community where customers promote ethical consumerism. In this respect, the company’s brand positioning strategy promotes its commitment to incorporate ethical values in every aspect of its value chain. The company focuses on building a value-based brand that satisfies the needs of all stakeholders. It has adopted a green branding strategy to improve its brand citizenship. Green branding involves introducing ethical values such as environmental conservation at every stage of the product life cycle in order to maximise the benefits of a brand to the society (Xinming 2014, p. 17). For instance, using green energy and biodegradable packaging materials throughout the product life cycle enables Twinings to reduce environmental pollution. Twinings also achieves ethical brand identity by incorporating sustainable practices in all its business processes. The company promotes effective corporate gover nance, fair trade, equal treatment of employees, and product safety (Sadler 2003, p. 231). These strategies enable Twinings to create an ethical brand that is committed to corporate social responsibility. Consumer Collaboration Twinings has had to develop a collaborative approach to marketing to respond effectively to ethical consumerism. Products can remain relevant if ethical consumers participate in their creation (Brenton Hacken 2006, pp. 1-14). In this respect, Twinings creates brand communities, which consist of fans, co-creators, and champions who support ethical consumerism. Twinings has adopted brand community as a high-level strategy that supports its strategic goal of increasing profits, while minimising negative effects on the community. Twinings as a brand has evolved into a community-based phenomenon, especially, in Europe where it has a strong market position. The company has created a brotherhood of specialty tea drinkers who are united by the shared ethos of promot ing ethical consumption. This strategy enables Twinings to position itself as the only brand that understands and produces tea on customers’ terms. The company has created a tea club where employees and customers interact regularly to discuss the quality of its products. Nearly three thousand cups of different brands of tea are tasted by customers in the club every week (Twinings 2015). The feedback from customers is used by employees to blend tea in a manner that satisfy market needs. This means that customers have become co-creators of the products of the company. Customers identify with the products because they reflect their ethical values, as well as, tastes and preferences (Barnett, Clarke Cloke 2005, pp. 45-51). Employees are also committed to the brand since nearly all of them are passionate consumers of high quality tea. They strive to improve every aspect of the brand to satisfy customer needs. Brand community also helps the company to create awareness about its pr oducts. Members of the community often interact with each other in the company’s tea club and social media. The interactions allow customers to act as loyal brand ambassadors by sharing their tea experiences with potential customers (Pride 2004, p. 78). Online interactions create buzz on social media about the products of the company. Face-to-face interactions enable loyal customers to create awareness about the products through word of mouth. The benefit of this collaboration is that it reduces marketing costs since customers are not paid by the company to create awareness about its products (Ranchhod Marandi 2005, p. 82). Moreover, it improves the ease of attracting customers since potential customers are likely to trust people who have used the products of the company. As a result, the brand equity of the company has improved tremendously. Recommendations Twinings should consider the following strategies to respond effectively to ethical consumerism. First, the company sh ould incorporate ethical values in its market segmentation strategy (Pelsmacker, Driesen Rayp 2005, pp. 363-383). This means that Twinings should focus on serving customers who share its brand personality and values rather than the mass market. In this respect, targeting the behavioural green market segment is likely to improve the success of the company. This market consists of customers who have a negative attitude towards goods that contribute to environmental degradation (Banaji Buckingham 2009, pp. 1197-12230). The customers tend to be early adopters of green products and influence others to consume ethically produced products. In addition, they are not price sensitive. These attributes make the segment attractive to serve. For instance, price insensitivity will enable Twinings to charge premium prices to recoup the high cost of supplying ethically produced tea. Value congruence will ensure customer satisfaction and brand loyalty (Terpstra Richard 2012, p. 92). Second, the c ompany should focus on corporate social responsibility (CSR) as a strategy for achieving its business goals (Drummond, Ensor Ashford 2010, p. 112). Twinings should use its CSR initiatives to enhance sustainability through environmental conservation and improving community welfare. Environmental conservation will ensure sustainable tea production and acceptance of the company (Carrigan Pelsmacker 2009, pp. 674-687). Supporting needy communities will reinforce the company’s brand image, thereby improving its competitiveness. Finally, Twinings has to improve its product quality in order to satisfy emerging market needs (Freeman, E 2010, p. 132). Innovation will lead to production of tea brands that satisfy the health and lifestyle needs of customers. The resulting improvement in customer satisfaction will enable the company to defend its market share (Kazmi 2007, p. 114). Conclusion Ethical consumerism has become a significant determinant of competitiveness in the tea industry . Customers are increasingly becoming concerned about the social and environmental effects of producing tea. Ethical consumers have a strong preference for tea produced by companies that promote social and environmental responsibility. Twinings responds to ethical consumerism by using green branding strategies. These include reducing its ecological footprint and supporting vulnerable communities. The number of ethical consumers is likely to increase in future as the world moves towards a green economy. Therefore, Twinings should focus its future marketing strategies on serving the behavioural green market segment to increase its profits and market share in a sustainable manner. References Amstrong, G Kotler, P 2011 Marketing: an introduction, Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River. Attalla, A Carrigan, M 2001, ‘The myth of the ethical consumer: do ethics matter in purchase behavior’, Journal of Consumer Marketing, vol. 18. no. 7, pp. 560-578. Banaji, S Buckingham, D 2 009, ‘Civic sell: young people, the internet, and ethical consumption’, Information, Communication and Society, vol. 12. no. 8, pp. 1197-1223. Barnett, C, Clarke, N Cloke, P 2005, ‘The political ethics of consumerism’, Consumer Policy Review, vol. 15. no. 2, pp. 45-51. Brenton, S Hacken, L 2006, ‘Ethical consumerism: are unethical labour practices important to consumers’, Journal of Research for Consumers, vol. 11. no. 1, pp. 1-14. Carrigan, M Pelsmacker, P 2009, ‘Will ethical consumers sustain their values in the global credit crunch’, International Marketing Review, vol. 26. no. 6, pp. 674-687. Drummond, G, Ensor, J Ashford, R 2010, Strategic marketing, Oxford University Press, London. Eckhardt, G, Belk, R Devinney, T 2010, ‘Why do consumers not consume ethically’, Journal of Consumer Behavior, vol. 9. no. 1, pp. 426-436. Freeman, E 2010, Strategic management, Palgrave, London. Gemma, H Makatouni, A 2010, †˜Consumer perception of organic food production and farm animal welfare’, British Food Journal, vol. 104. no. 3, pp. 287-299. Justorines, P Richard, J 2012, ‘Consumer behavior and purchase intention for organic food’, Journal of Consumer Marketing, vol. 29. no. 6, pp. 412-422. Kazmi, S 2007, Marketing management, Sage, London. Pashova, S, Nikolova, K Dimitrov, G 2013, ‘Study of the quality of Twinings’ tea’, International Journal of Economic Practices and Theories, vol. 3. no. 1, pp. 1-9. Pelsmacker, P, Driesen, L Rayp, G 2005, ‘Do consumers care about ethics? willingness to pay for fair-trade coffee’, Journal of Consumer Affairs, vol. 39. no. 2, pp. 363-383. Pride, W 2004, Marketing, McGraw-Hill, New York. Ranchhod, A Marandi, E 2005, Strategic marketing in practice, McGraw-Hill, New York. Sadler, P 2003, Strategic management, John Wiley and Sons, New York. Tallontire, A, Rentsendorj, E Blowfield, M 2001, Ethical consumers, and ethical trade: a review of current literature, Natural Resources Institute, Greenwich. Terpstra, V Richard, S 2012, International marketing, John Wiley and Sons, New York. Twinings 2015, About us. Web. Xinming, D 2014 Chinese consumers’ ethical consumption: between intent and behavior, Research Center for Chinese Politics and Business, Bloomington. This report on Ethical Consumerism and Twinings Company was written and submitted by user Athena Barber to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Communist Party and Russia in 1984 essays

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A Case Study Of Anita Brown Nursing Essay

A Case Study Of Anita Brown Nursing Essay During the last 15 years there has been a substantial rise in the number of newly diagnosed patients with acute kidney injury especially whilst an inpatient Yaklin, 2011. This is despite every effort to prevent AKI in clinical practice (Venkataraman, 2008). Anita Brown is one such patient, having been diagnosed with AKI following routine surgery. AKI occurring after surgery is associated with a significant increase in patient morbidity and mortality (Chertow, Levy, Hammermeister, Grover, Daley, 1998; Praught Shlipak, 2005). Here I will discuss the nursing management of Anita Brown over a 48 hours period. I will start by exploring the pathophysiology of AKI and identifying the type of injury Anita has sustained. Thereafter, in order to formulate an optimised, tailored 48-hour care plan, I will describe two different but complimentary assessment methods to identify Anitas priorities of care, namely the ABCDE framework (Resuscitation Council, 2010) and the Roper, Logan and Tierney (1980) model of nursing. The nursing interventions subsequently proposed will be justified in relation to Anitas pathophysiology and will be supported by professional literature. Finally, the findings will be incorporated into a 48-hour care plan based on six of Roper et al.s activities of living (ALs) and a brief conclusion presented. Background Anita Brown is a 45-year old woman who has been diagnosed with AKI as a result of severe dehydration, following insufficient fluid administration during/after her cholecystectomy operation. Anita has been experiencing intractable vomiting despite receiving nil by mouth. She is borderline hypotensive, tachycardic and tacypnoeic and has been oliguric for 6 hours. Current management includes fluid replacement. Anitas pain is being controlled by a patient controlled analgesia (PCA) pump of morphine. Pathophysiology of Acute Renal Injury AKI is an extremely complicated disorder (Martini, Nath Bartholomew, 2011). The definition of AKI is a decline in the functions performed by the kidneys resulting in increased levels of serum creatinine and urea detectable in the blood (Dirkes, 2011). Indeed, the condition is most easily recognised by a rise in serum creatinine plus a decreasing urine volume, however, these symptoms are also accompanied by other physiological changes, as will be seen later (Guidelines and Audit Implementation Network [GAIN], 2010). There are three general categories of AKI (relative prevalence shown in parentheses): pre-renal (~55%), intrinsic (~30%) and post-renal (~15%) (Marieb, 2010). Pre-renal kidney injury is the most common form and is generally reversible when renal perfusion pressure is swiftly restored. It has a number of causes, the most common being intravascular volume depletion (haemorrhage, dehydration, burns, gastrointestinal losses) or decreased cardiac output (myocardial infarction or cardiac arrhythmias) (Cheung, Ponnusamy, Anderton, 2008), all leading to hypo-perfusion within the kidneys (Gotfried, Wiesen, Raina and Nally 2012). Drugs that are vasoactive can also cause pre-renal kidney injury (Barber Robertson, 2009), since intra-renal vasoconstriction can ultimately lead to hypo-perfusion (Murphy Byrne, 2010). Anitas surgery was complicated since the planned laparoscopic cholecystectomy had to proceed to an open cholecystectomy, thus she probably suffered considerable intra-operative fluid loss. If inadequate replacement ensued, the reduced blood flow within Anitas kidneys could have caused hypovolemic or cardiogenic shock (Garretson and Malber ti, 2007). Indeed, inadequate intravascular volume arising from significant fluid/blood loss is a common cause of hypovolemic shock (Hand 2001, Bench 2004). A further cause of AKI, intrinsic kidney injury, is associated with injuries that structurally harm vessels, the glomerulus, or kidney tubules (Ali Gray-Vickrey, 2011). Prolonged or severe pre-renal hypoperfusion may lead to such injury through ischaemia. Alternatively, infectious elements or pollutants are a further cause of such damage (Murphy Byrne, 2010). Notably, tubular cells within Anitas kidneys would have been severely damaged if blood flow had been reduced to 20% of normal (Cheung et al., 2008), although the actual extent of her injury is currently unknown. This type of injury is termed acute tubular necrosis (ATN), and is a common reason for AKI in hospitilised patients (Ali Gray-Vickrey, 2011). ATN is characterised by decreased consciousness, reduced urine output resulting from tubular damage, and nausea and vomiting. Like prerenal injury, ATN is often reversible, however, early intervention and distinguishing the mechanism of damage, whether prerenal or intrinsic, is vitally important to improve patient outcome (Gotfried et al. 2012). Other less common causes of intrinsic injury are acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) arising from allergic drug reactions or systemic disease, and contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) arising from toxicity associated with radiological contrast media administration (Fry, Farrington, 2006; Hilton, 2011; Thomas, 2008). Risk factors for CIN in patents undergoing radio-contrast include age and pre-existing renal impairment plus simultaneous administration of metformin to treat diabetes (Porth, 2007). Consequently, diabetic patients with renal impairment and taking metformin (a drug which is 100% renally excreted), when undergoing radio contrast should be closely monitored, and medication stopped 48 hours before and after the procedure (Royal College of Radiologists, 2009). Finally, post-retinal kidney injury arises from urinary tract obstruction, the resultant back-pressure inhibiting glomerular filtration rate and causing ischemia (Leach, 2009; Hsu Symons, 2010). ABCDE Approach: Airway, Breathing, Circulation, Disability and Exposure Nurses play a vital role in effectively managing acute-care patients such as Anita, with timely intervention resulting in the prevention of life-threatening complications (Clarke Ketchell, 2011). The use of a systematic approach that identifies the priorities of care is essential (Thompson, 2008). Comprehensive Clinical Assessment Guidelines exist for AKI (Lewington Kanagasundaram, 2011), which emphasise that it is essential to consider the underlying cause of AKI since certain origins, such as AIN, would need specialised therapy. Initial clinical orientation requires nurses to ensure that necessary tests are performed and relevant assessment/monitoring is undertaken swiftly (Henneman, Gawlinski, Giuliano, 2012). Antia has already been diagnosed with AKI arising from insufficient fluid replacement during surgery, thus prerenal kidney injury has arisen from renal hypo-perfusion and ischemia, due to an inadequate intravascular volume. Although the extent of the damage remains to be seen, restoring intravascular volume is key to Anitas recovery. A useful approach in assessing and managing a patient who may deteriorate, such Anita, is the Airway, Breathing, Circulation, Disability, Exposure (ABCDE) approach (Resuscitation Council, 2010). This would be highly useful for Anita, as it would break down the complex assessment procedure for AKI into a systematic process, whereby assessment and treatment algorithms would allow provision of a prioritised care plan. The ABCDE framework also serves as a valuable tool in identifying/eliminating critical conditions (Thim, Krarup, Grove, Rohde, Lofgren, 2012). Anitas assessment will now be considered under the five separate headings. Airway The patency of Anitas airway would be checked, to ensure there is no obstruction. Anita is overweight and upper airway obstruction through narrowing of the airways can occur in obese patients especially during sleep (sleep apnoea) (Hillman, Platt and Eastwood, 2003). If Anitas PCA is causing sedation, she will be drowsy. Consideration should thus be given to providing adequate pillows to ensure her posture and positioning on the bed would be conducive to a patent airway, similar to a head-tilt and chin-lift position (Thim et al, 2012). Frequent repositioning would also guard against pressure sores. Breathing Assessment of Anitas breathing involves respiration rate coupled with observations regarding whether her breathing is noisy, or laboured; movements of the thoracic wall and use of auxiliary muscles are clues to look for (Thim et al., 2012). Assessing Anitas risk of post-operative sleep apnea would mean observing her when sleeping, and noting if she snores or is apnoeic (Thim et al., 2012). To alleviate such symptoms correct positioning would be vital, indeed it is known that poor positioning of obese patients in bed may impede lung expansion (Moore, 2007). Breathing difficulties could require oxygen administration or in severe cases, assisted ventilation (Thim et al., 2012). Anitas is slightly tacypnoeic (respiration rate=22/min); this needs monitoring. Anita has endured severe dehydration and the underlying cause of the tacypnoea is probably related to the ensuing reduced circulating volume, which in turn causes a numbers of associated physiological changes including increased respi ration rate (Large, 2005); other vital signs are also affected, as seen below. Circulation Anita is borderline hypotensive (BP=105/60 mm/Hg) and slightly tachycardic (pulse=108 beats/minute). The severe dehydration Anita has suffered means her heart tries to compensate for the reduced volume by pumping harder (increase in cardiac output) and faster (increased heart rate) (Large, 2005). Concurrently, the low fluid volume leads to a fall in BP. Consequently AKI-related dehydration, has resulted in adverse outcomes including hypotension, tachycardia, and tacypnoeic; weak pulse and cold hands and feet are further signs to look out for (Large, 2005). Additionally, level of mental status, dry oral mucous membranes, sunken eyes and reduced capillary refill/skin (or tongue) turgor are all secondary markers of dehydration (Merck Manuals, 2012) whilst ankle and sacral oedema are signs of fluid overload. Capillary refill time involves pressing on the pad of the middle finger for five seconds then measuring the time for normal colour to return (Large, 2005). Skin turgor involves pinch ing a fold of skin and observing if it falls back to normal position immediately (Scales and Pilsworth, 2008). Rapid restoral of Anitas circulating volume is vital, with additionally the need for close and continuous monitoring of fluid levels (input vs output) and hemodynamics (Dirkes, 2011). Anita is nil by mouth and iv fluid input is being controlled at a rate of 1000mls dextrose/saline over 12 hours. Dextrose/saline is primarily used to replace water losses post-operatively. Normally fluid intake and loss are balanced (Scales and Pilsworth, 2008), yet Anita has been oliguric for 6 hours. Normal urine output is 1ml/kg body weight per hour, the minimum acceptable being 0.5ml/kg/hr (Scales and Pilsworth, 2008). Thus Anita should have a minimum output of 50ml per hour. Obviously Anita is still suffering a fluid deficit. The kidneys can normally concentrate or dilute urine in response to fluid changes. If Anitas kidneys are conserving water any urine excreted will be concentrated and dark (Scales and Pilsworth, 2008). The colour should be noted, in addition to the actual volume, on the fluid b alance chart. Accurate records are critical in assessing Anitas fluid balance. The level of iv fluid needed to restore Anitas fluid balance depends upon an accurate assessment of her volume status, based on the following equation: Fluid required = pre-existing deficit + normal maintenance + ongoing losses. Fluid replacement calculations are challenging since Anitas precise deficit is unknown, also her frequent vomiting represents a variable, on-going fluid loss, which must be estimated and added to her maintenance fluid intake. A patient with a pre-existing deficit normally received rapid fluid resuscitation comprised of an initial large volume (~250ml) of iv saline, repeated as necessary. According to the Merck Manuals (2012) patients with intravascular volume depletion without shock can receive infusion at a controlled rate, typically 500 ml/h. Anitas fluid resuscitation status should be urgently established since Anita appears to be receiving maintenance fluids rather than rescue therapy. During Anitas recovery phase her clinical response to iv fluids will guide the rate of fluid replacement, her vital signs and urine output should return to normal once normal hydration is achieved. A urine output of > 0.5 to 1 ml/kg/h is required (Scales and Pilsworth, 2008). But in addition to urine volume, monitoring electrolyte status is a further part of patient management in the recovery phase of AKI (UK Renal Association, 2011; Abdel-Kader and Palevsky, 2009). Urea, creatinine and sodium are elevated in volume-depleted individuals but to differing extents (Thomas, Tariq, Makhdomm, Haddad Moinuddin, 2003). A full blood count is a further useful piece of information (Lewington Kanagasundaram, 2011). Disability Anitas state of consciousness has been evaluated through the Glasgow Coma Scale and is currently 15, indicating she is fully conscious and in no danger of disability pertaining to consciousness (Gabbe, Cameron, Finch, 2003). Nevertheless, her mental alertness should continue to be monitored. Nurses need to ensure Anita can communicate adequately, especially since AKI can affect mental status because of hypernatremia, as a result of low fluid volume. This happened because the vascular space becomes hypertonic and results in extracellular migration of water away from brain cells, hence accounting for neurologic symptoms (Lee, 2010). Also, Anita may be drowsy due to the morphine. Any mental status deficit should improve when Anita responds to treatment and stops opiate analgesia. Anitas repeated vomiting is disabling and is contributing to dehydration and electrolyte imbalances (Golembiewski, Chernin, and Chopra 2005; Gan, 2006), and clearly requires immediate attention. The underlying cause must be determined if appropriate interventions are to be used. Vomiting is common following anaesthesia, but is also linked to opioid treatment and also hypotension. There are a large number of drugs available to treat post-operative and opiate induced vomiting (Stevenson, 2006), however, Anitas renal status means that administering antiemetic medications  may be unwise. Anita is self-administering morphine, therefore the frequency of her usage, her level of pain control and alertness all need monitoring. In addition to sometimes causing sedation, nausea and vomiting, morphine can produce hypotension and respiratory depression, and obese patients, such as Anita, are at higher risk of these side effects. Therefore the risk/benefit of continuing PCA with this drug over n urse-controlled analgesia should be established; if continued Anitas respiration rate should be frequently assessed and she should be monitored for signs of opiate toxicity. Exposure Anitas wound must be checked regularly to ensure it is clean and there are no signs of opening or infection, especially given the trauma of her vomiting. Surgical drains and urine drains likewise must be kept patent and clean; whilst regular temperature checks would monitor pyrexia. The results of Anitas initial ABCDE assessment can now be put in to perspective by identifying key information to help devise her care plan through application of a second nursing framework. The Roper, Logan and Tierney Model (1980) Nursing Model and Care Plan The Roper, Logan and Tierney model (1980) can be applied to the case of Anita Brown in order to devise a tailored care plan. This model takes a holistic approach and allows the impact of Anitas morbidities on her activities of living (ALs) to be considered. The model identifies twelve activities ALs namely eating and drinking, working and playing, sleeping, elimination, washing and dressing, communication, breathing, expressing sexuality held in relation to lifespan and the dependence/independence continuum. The framework is simplistic, yet provides a means to develop a logical and systematic care plan that is based on teamwork and mutual coordination (Murphy et al., 2000). It allows systematic collection of information from a patients biological, physiological, sociocultural, environmental, and politico-economic, perspective (Roper, Logan, Tierney, 2000). The model is especially applicable in patients requiring acute care such as Anita, helping to highlight the priorities of care t hat must be undertaken (Murphy et al., 2000). Once assessment is complete, a plan of care can be formulated which takes into account lifespan and level of dependence but may not necessarily cover all ALs (Beretta, 2003). Here I will consider six of the most pertinent ALs which are relevant for Anitas 48-hour care. I will highlight Anitas problems in relation to the AL and describe the necessary nursing interventions and their goals as part of a 48-hour nursing care plan. Safe Environment Anitas skin should be healthy and in tact: Check integrity of wound; Anitas retching could rupture her stitches. Also check for infection or swelling following surgery using aseptic techniques. Record temperature regularly to ensure Anita remains apyrexial. Anitas vital signs are out of range: Closely monitor haemodynamic status, urinalysis and fluid balance status; these should be returned to normal through appropriate interventions. Check peripheral insertion line is patent, the fluid is running fast enough and the fluid is provided as prescribed. Accurately recording input (and output: see below). Anitas is vomiting: Anitas vomiting will be distressing. Treat the underlying cause of the vomiting, and immediately adopt simple interventions to alleviate symptoms e.g. provide adequate bowls and tissues, open a window or provide a fan. Anitas oral health may be compromised since she is vomiting and receiving nil by mouth. Offer assistance with oral hygiene. Anita is self-administering morphine: The potential for unwanted opiate side effects warrants investigation regarding level of usage and pain control. Discuss this with Anita and switched to nurse controlled non-opiate analgesia is possible. Breathing Anita respiration should be 15-20/min: Anita is slightly tacypnoeic. Regularly monitor vital signs and observations post-operatively. Since Anita is overweight she may easily get out of breath during minor exertion so encourage her to ask for nursing assistance if she needs help. Communication Anita should be coherent and respond appropriately to questions: talk to Anita about how she is feeling and ensure her AKI, post-operative status and/or analgesia is not adversely affecting her mental abilities. Be aware of non-verbal transmission of information such as facial expression of pain/discomfort. Elimination Anitas urine must be properly collected: regularly check the urine drainage bag and tubing to ensure patency and cleanliness and to record output. Similarly, if there is a wound drain in place. Provide bedpan/commode: It is unlikely that Anita will need to open her bowels, however, she should be encouraged to seek assistance and request a bedpan/commode should she need one. Anitas privacy and dignity must be respected throughout. Sleeping Anita may be sleepy: Anita may be drowsy from the morphine and want to sleep a lot. She is overweight, which may make her more prone to post-operative sleep apnea. Observe her when sleeping for signs of snoring or apnoea. Anitas posture and positioning on the bed is important, especially since she is at higher risk of pressure sores. Nurses would need to ensure Anita is not slumped but positioned in a semi-upright position and frequent repositioned. Mobilisation Anita must regain mobility: Anita is relatively young, but overweight which would hamper her everyday mobility. She should by encouraged to mobilise if possible such as assistance to a sitting position in a chair; this would reduce chances of post-operative thombosis. All of these nursing actions have been formulated in a 48-hour care plan, a proposal for which is shown in the Appendix. Although relatively young, and presumably previous to surgery largely independent, Anita is currently considerably dependent on nursing staff for many ALs. This is reflected in her care plan. The ultimate aim of the Roper model is to achieve goals that promote independence in all ALs. Achieving this objective requires regular evaluation of Anitas plan, which in turn requires accurate baseline data against which improvement or deterioration in her progress can be measured. The plan can then be adjusted accordingly (Holland, 2003). Conclusion Anita Brown has suffered AKI probably due to insufficient fluid replacement inter/post operation. The resultant drop in circulating volume has manifested in a number of adverse physiologic and haemodynamic events. Anitas symptoms are consistent with pre-renal AKI (although ATN cannot be ruled out (Cheung et al., 2008) necessitating swift intervention. The pathophysiology of AKI reveals that it is a multifaceted condition requiring complex clinical assessment (Lewington Kanagasundaram, 2010). Here I have described a simplified, logical approach to Anitas care, through the application of two systematic methodologies. The approaches advocated ensured all relevant assessments were performed and that appropriate and effective interventions were employed in the formulation Anitas 48-hour care plan. The ABCDE mnemonic was used since it represents a strong clinical tool for rapid assessment and treatment of patients such as Anita requiring swift and effective interventions. Whilst the Roper , Logan and Tierney (1980) model provided a holistic approach to patient care since it allowed assessment of the patient as a whole (OConnor and Timmins, 2002), and has thus taken into account Anitas specific needs and preferences, whilst ensuring she is treated appropriately (Clarke Ketchell, 2011). Adhering to such tried and tested formulae allowed delivery of an optimised, tailored care plan, which will improve Anitas prognosis and enhance overall outcomes.

Othello literary masterpiece Essay

Introduction   Othello is one of the classical literary masterpieces written by William Shakespeare. Known as the dark-skinned Moor of Venice (Encarta Encyclopedia, 2002), Othello is a story of the mighty warrior whose life turned into a tragic downfall as he was corrupted by suspicion and jealousy over his wife Desdemona and his new friend Cassio. Unknown to Othello, it was Iago, his evil lieutenant, who conspired against his happiness and domination. Though it has been said that every character has a great significance and plays an important role in every story, Iago has been one of the most affective despite him being the antagonist in the novel. His character is the main reason why major incidents in the novel took place. This paper is aimed at analyzing the characters in the novel thereby coming up with the conclusion on everybody’s real motive and agenda in the whole novel. Characters in the Novel   Othello: Othello can be admired for his bravery, courage, wisdom and tactful ways. However, he himself had a great contribution on his own tragic downfall. There was this part in the story where he had shown enough patient not to fight with Brabantio, the father of his wife Desdemona because he wanted to prove that he did not bewitched his wife and that it was actually love that bonded them as a couple. If he was wise enough and confident on the love he shared with Desdemona, he could not easily been manipulated and brainwashed by the evil Iago for him to believe that his friend and soldier Cassio and his wife was betraying him and that the two were having an affair. Othello was a victim himself. He was a victim of the circumstances that Iago had made to destroy his trust to his wife, to his friend and even to himself. If he was able to know what’s playing in Iago’s mind earlier before he had done such tragic deed of killing Desdemona, then he could have saved her. He could as well save his reputation and self respect. He killed his wife to save his pride because the idea of Desdemona’s accused infidelity is unbearable for him. It was a threat to his own dignity. The worst part was that he did not only lose his pride. He lost his beloved wife, his own life and his own reputation. Nothing was left for him in this tragic story. Though Othello was the main character in this literary masterpiece, a twenty percent attribution is fair enough for him. Never would a man desire to be in a shameful ending. He would never have wanted to kill his wife, lose his friend and destroy his own reputation if it was not because of the evil plans of Iago. If he was able to know Iago’s plans, he could have done something to save everything including Desdemona, his beloved wife, Cassio, his friend and his own life and honor (Characters of Othello, 2006). Desdemona: Though she was a victim herself, and her life was taken by Othello, her own husband, her part on the tragic downfall in the story of Othello was much more significant. Desdemona was the subject of conflict between Othello and Cassio being used by Iago as he planned it that she was committing adultery. In classic stories, Eve was the reason of Adam’s committing sin, Delilah was the one responsible for Samson’s lost of his strength and his captivity. In Othello’s life, Desdemona was his Eve or Delilah for because of this woman, he was not able to see the truth but instead, he trusted the wrong accusation tailored by Iago that made him felt jealous to the extent of taking Desdemona’s life in his own life. Though in contrary to the classic example I have mentioned in this paper, Desdemona is innocent of the accusation Iago tailored against her. What I am trying to point out is that, women, especially in the old society and culture was oftentimes the reason behind a man’s downfall. It was like men were losing their rationality no matter the masculine strength, bravery and wisdom. Women has always been the weakness of men. On the other side, there is the saying that goes something like â€Å" In every man’s success, there is a woman behind it†. Quite contradicting and ironic! The same twenty percent attribution is given to this character. The sad thing is that the feminine side of women sometimes lead her to being helpless and unable to defend herself and prove the her innocence (Characters of Othello, 2006). Cassio: This character was another victim of circumstances. His deep admiration to Desdemona was the only reason why Iago managed to plant the root of suspicion against him with the intention of overthrowing him as lieutenant for him to get the position he had long for. He was a loyal friend and soldier to Othello but in the end he was seen as a threat and was even treated as a traitor. He was the fall guy to suffer all the accusations Iago had tailored to destroy Othello as well as to kick Cassio himself from his post. His importance in the story is just about ten percent in my own opinion (Characters of Othello, 2006). Iago: Personally, I consider this character as the one with the greatest contribution in the tragic story of Othello. He was described as Shakespeare’s most evil figure in a way that he can easily manipulate the people around him to do his bidding by taking advantage of his trust and using his victims own motivations to achieve his own (Characters of Othello, 2006). Being pragmatic, he was in the same way an opportunist to aid his plan toe st plant the seed of suspicion on Cassio and Desdemona. He was able to manipulate all the other characters in the story that leads to everyone’s tragic ending. Relative to the tragic ending of the story, sixty percent can be attributed to the evil deeds of Iago. Compared to modern times stories on television series, Iago was a representation of an ancient villain who was a great threat to a Othello who was supposed to be a good leader and a hero himself. The envy on Iago’s part for not being in the place of Cassio was the root why he set up Cassio and, Desdemona in committing adultery. This way, he was hoping to gain the trust of Othello to put him as a lieutenant. But the plot was also a way to avenge to those who hurt him and also to gain what he believes is his (Characters of Othello, 2006). It was evident with how Iago tailored the accusation on Desdemona and Cassio that he was indeed, a very clever man but his intentions was evil and his purpose was wicked. For someone to constantly lie and deceive one’s wife and friends, one must be extremely evil or, in the case of Iago, amoral. In every scene in which Iago speaks one can point out his deceptive manner. Much credit must be given to Iago’s diabolical prowess which enables him to bend and twist the supple minds of his friends and spouse. In today’s society Iago would be called a psychopath without a conscience not the devil incarnate. His ability to say the right things at the right time is what makes him such a successful villain. However, someone with a conscience would never be able to keep up such a ploy and deceive everyone around him (Characters of Othello, 2006). At the climactic ending of the play, Iago’s plot is given away to Othello by his own wife, Emilia. Iago sees his wife as an obstacle and a nuisance so he kills her. He kills her not as much out of anger but for pragmatic reasons. Emilia is a stumbling block in front of his path. She serves no purpose to him anymore and she can now only hurt his chances of keeping the position he has been given by Othello. Iago’s merciless taking of Emilia’s and Roderigo’s lives is another proof of his amorality (Othello, 2006). Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is very clear from the above discussion that Iago’s pure motive for doing such evil deed is pure selfishness. He wanted power. He felt that he’s the one who should receive the highest form of respect from his constituents. He thought that he, alone, deserves the best credit, may it be for money, or for power. In his heart, there was nothing but pure hunger for power and attention.   By reflecting on what he was able to do, it can be easily assumed that he can still do anything and everything just to be get his most desired supremacy, even if it would mean killing more people and deceiving more loved ones. Works Cited: â€Å"Characters of Othello†. [online]. .   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Othello†. 2002. Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Othello: Analysis of Iago†. [online] â€Å"Othello: Analysis of Major Characters†. [online]

There Is Something Disturbing About the World

Perhaps the most disturbing character of all Is the thirteen year old Bryony Tallish, a precocious girl with the habit of traumatizing and romanticizes events that occur in her own life, leading to disastrous consequences. Cecilia and the Tallish parents are also a cause for concern, the former due to her lack of direction and purpose and the latter because of their absence and failure to fulfill their roles as head of house. Finally, the house that the family reside in can be seen to reflect them and their faults.Overall, Mclean presents a family that has deep robbers, which gives rise to many concerns. With absent parents and a sister that does little other than aimlessly smoke cigarettes, Bryony Totals can be viewed as a by- product of the poisonous environment in which she has grown up in. As her mother battles with depression and her father is in a senior position at the war office, she has had to grow up largely on her own, which perhaps contributes to her tendency to dramatist and fantasies everything, as she needs to create her own worlds In order to escape from her truthful lonely reality.Perhaps what concerns us the most forever, is when she dramatists events that she sees, or in the case of the incident at the fountain, which she only sees part of. Also, she links events that happen in the adult world to experiences she has had or read about whilst growing up. Bryony dreams that the Incident will precede a ‘proposal of marriage, which she then relates to her childhood, stating that ‘She herself had written a tale in which a humble woodcutter saved a princess from drowning and ended by marrying her,' a story plausible only in a fairy tale.This Is In stark contrast with what she refers to as her entering an arena of adult emotion and dissembling from which her writing was bound to benefit,' highlighting that even in the strange events she has seen, she feels that she can still profit, which disturbs the reader as she has a sordid sense of w hat Is right and wrong, instead of showing concern for her sister she views herself as a form of gladiator as she has entered an arena, Implicit that she will be her sister's savior. Another disturbing characteristic of Bryony is her flawed idea of what is right and what is wrong, which could be due to her solitary upbringing.She feels that the OFF intrusion into his private life. Her inability to cope with events is perhaps showcased most oddly when Lola coerces her into giving her the part of Rubella and Bryony feels that ‘her only reasonable choice would be to run away, to live under hedges, eat berries and speak to no one, and be found by a bearded woodsman one winter's dawn, curled up at the base of a giant oak,' showing that she deals with what goes on in her life by making into a play and basing her actions on what heroines or people in fairy tales would have done.Overall, Briton's delusions of grandeur coupled with her incessant capability to transform any event in her own life into a work of fiction leads to one being disturbed because of her warped visions of what is real and what transcends reality. The crumbling family can perhaps be attributed to the lack of a strong patriarchal or matriarchal figure in the family. Emily Tallish battles with what she calls her ‘monster' and Jack Tallish holds a senior position in the war office, and thus this family has little unity, as Betty the maid takes the role of surrogate mother for the children, doing what Emily Tallish no longer feels that she can do.Her opening description as being ‘inert' alerts us to how useless she is in this house, and her life is described as ‘invalid nullity highlighting how little she does. However, one must appreciate the fact that she has depression, brought on from Britons birth, and thus she cannot solely be criticizes as being a lazy character, as it is not her fault, however, her lack of desire to change things is a disturbing problem, and she takes a great deal of time Just to find her ‘dark glasses. Emily movements are described as being ‘slow and ‘awkward. Overall, Mclean shows a mother utterly failing to fulfill both her role as career for her children and as leader of the house in Jack Italian's perpetual absence, owing to his busy Job, and he is even late for Loon's homecoming meal, leaving the women to run the show, a disturbing situation in the patriarchal early 20th century society. Despite her privileged background and the chances she has been given, Cecilia Tallish has failed to achieve much at all thus far in her life.She graduated from Gorton with ‘a third' showing that her opportunity for a good start has been squandered. Whilst Cecilia does attempt to do something, she often fails, as her start on a family tree was ‘half-hearted' and she even states that ‘nothing was holding her back from leaving the house, other than the thought of packing a suitcase' which ‘did not excit e her,' showing her reluctance to make any changes to her otherwise boring life.Perhaps her reading of Claries can be seen as an interpretation of her own life, as Richardson novel tells the story of a girl whose attempts at something (virtue in this case) are continually thwarted by her parents, and for Cecilia Tallish, her tempts at starting a relationship with Robbie are thwarted, first by Bryony Tallish naming and thus condemning him as the rapist of Lola Quince, and then due to World War II.However, Cecilia does also have some desire to be independent, shown through her smoking her own cigarettes, which contrasted with the early 20th century that women had to be offered and could not possibly ask or smoke their own, yet she does both of these. She also shows some desire to live independently, as she ‘had a little money in her account' and ‘offers to help her find a Job' yet she labels all f her options as ‘unpleasing. Mclean presents to the reader a flawed pai r of siblings, who have been left to cope, in essence, without parents, and whilst Bryony has the activity and direction her older sister lacks, it is utilized negatively. Overall, despite her chances that other would have craved for is disturbing. Means's setting for the novel reflects the Tallish family, serving only to reinforce and highlight their inherent flaws.From the outside, the house is described as being ‘ugly and condemned as ‘chartless to a fault' and as a tragedy of wasted chances' perhaps ere referencing Cecilia Italian's lack of motivation and direction in life, shown by her failures to achieve much since arriving home from university and this could perhaps also foreshadow the tempestuous and ill-fated love between Cecilia and Robbie.The temple is shown to be in disrepair, as the exposed laths ‘showed through like the ribs of a starving animal,' referencing how the family is falling apart and their flaws are easily visible, also shown through the bu ilding having a ‘mottled, diseased appearance. Cilia's lack of purpose is reflected in the temple which ‘had of course o religious purpose at all' and was meant to enhance the ‘pastoral ideal' meaning that it had an artificial premise, which relates to Cilia's whim of staying home through the feeling that ‘she was needed' even though she does little to look after Bryony and when she does there are selfish motives coursing through her actions, as seen when she strokes Bryony and gets comfort from it.Her other motive that she was required to help her mother is also shown to be false, as she does nothing to aid her other than putting flowers in Uncle Clime's vase, and even that is eventually broken. Means's tendency for his architecture to be flawed can be seen to display the family within the walls, a family in disrepair that is completely and utterly ‘a tragedy of wasted chances,' disturbing when considering all the opportunities the characters have been given which have been ruined by themselves or others.Overall, Mclean presents a disturbing set of characters, all in a toxic environment which serves only to exacerbate their already prominent flaws, leaving the reader disturbed as a collection of flawed individuals in an environment such as this will only lead to catastrophic consequences.

Genocide essays

Genocide essays The U.N convention defines genocide as all acts committed with the intent to destroy in whole or in part a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group.1 What are the motives behind genocide? There lies within humans a potential to commit genocide. The dark side of human nature awakens when a combination of economic catastrophes, political disasters and social upheaval makes a segment of a population desperate for change. Then, a regime's propaganda can successfully motivate it's citizens to commit genocide on a certain identifiable group or "victim". There are 4 motives for genocide. Number one: elimination of a threat. Number two: economic gain. Number three: creation of terror amongst surrounding people. Number four: fulfillment of a theory or belief system.2 There are six major early warning signs that indicate a genocide is very near. Number one: hate propaganda, showing the future victim group as a lethal danger to the survival of society. Number two: the preparation of death lists and the killing of the people on the list. Number three: the introduction of restrictions, not allowing journalists to travel freely in the country. Number four: the use of code words to plan killings. Number five: the creation of training of special murder units. Number six: the murder of military or police officers who are against genocide.3 This paper will examine three Genocides committed in the twentieth centuryArmenia, Nazi Germany and Rwanda. Muslim Armenians and Christian Turks lived in peace in the Ottoman Empire for centuries. Things began to slowly change. Nationalism, a new force in the world came to be. The Turks started to love their country so much that they would die to defend it. As well as this time every nationality in Europe wanted their "own" country, not to live under the rulings of an Empire. As a result, the Ottoman Empire began to fall apart. The only thing holding it together was the E...

Alcatraz Island And Prison Essays - Alcatraz Island, Free Essays

Alcatraz Island And Prison Essays - Alcatraz Island, Free Essays Alcatraz Island And Prison Alcatraz Island has quite a distinct history. Many people know that Alcatraz served as a federal prison, but most are reluctant to know that this island served as fort. Built before the Civil War, it served two main purposes. First, that it was to guard the San Francisco bay area from enemy ships against a foreign invasion, and second, to hold hostage prisoners of war or POW's as they were called. In this report, I'll show you how this fortress came to be a federal prison, why it is no longer in operation today, and most importantly, to show why it was built in the first place. When the great Gold Rush of 1849 first started, California grew from what would be considered a small, unpopulated state, into what it is now. California is now one of the most populated states and it was mostly the gold rush that brought attention to California. As the government saw all of this happening, they realized that California was much more important than they ever realized. In their realization, they decided that California must be protected. San Francisco has one of the largest bays in all of California, and so this was where enemy countries would most likely to try to invade the country. So this is where Alcatraz was to lie, to serve as a military fort. It was supposed to serve as a secondary base in companionship to another base located on the other side of Golden Gate Bridge. But with severe problems trying to build this other base, Alcatraz was to remain alone. Out in the middle of the San Francisco Bay, the island of Alcatraz is definitely a world unto itself. Isolation is just one of the many constants of island life for any inhabitant on Alcatraz Island. It is the most reoccurring theme in the unfolding history of Alcatraz Island. Alcatraz Island is one of Golden Gate National Recreation Area's most popular destinations, offering a close-up look at a historic and infamous federal prison long off-limits to the public. Visitors to the island can not only explore the remnants of the prison, but learn of the American occupation of 1969 - 1971, early military fortifications and the West Coast's first and oldest operating lighthouse. These structures stand among the island's many natural features - gardens, tidepools, bird nests, and bay views beyond compare. (1) Fortress Alcatraz ran in operation from 1850 - 1933. It served as San Francisco's only major defense. It started off with only eleven cannons, that were transported onto the island in 1854. By the early 1860's, Alcatraz had 111 cannons. Some were enormous, firing a fifteen-inch ball weighing over 450 pounds. Defenses included a row of brick enclosed gun positions called case mates to protect the dock; a fortified gateway or a Sally Port to block the entrance road; and a three-story citadel on top of the island. This served both as an armed barracks and as a last line defense strategy. Even though Alcatraz was built to withstand a foreign invasion, its most important use was during the Civil War, 1861 - 1865. Seeing as it was the only completed fort in the entire bay, it was vital in the protecting from Confederate Raiders. Early in the war, ten thousand rifles were moved to Alcatraz from the State armory, to prevent them from being used by southern sympathizers. The crew of a Confederate privateer were among the first inmates to be held within The Rock. Alcatraz's notoriety as a penitentiary overshadows its earlier, and longer use by the Army. Surprisingly, this small island once was the most powerful fort west of the Mississippi River. There was some limited modernization of the island's defenses after the Civil War. Rifled cannons were mounted. In 1854 some 450 electrically controlled underwater mines were brought to the island to protect the Bay. However, as the ships of potential enemies became more and more powerful, the defenses were increasing! ly obsolete. In 1907 Alcatraz officially ceased being a fortress and became Pacific Branch, U.S. Military Prison. Alcatraz Island's use as a prison began in December 1859 with the arrival of the first permanent garrison. Eleven of these soldiers were confined in the Sally Port basement. The Army recognized that the cold water (53 F) and swift currents surrounding Alcatraz made it an ideal site for a prison, and in 1861 the post was designated as the military prison for the Department of the Pacific - most

Personal Professional Development Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Professional Development - Personal Statement Example To this end, I have conducted a study and analyzed my own case, which will help me to take proper career decisions throughout my life and to achieve my professional ambitions. b. Investigation of career options: The second step is to become a career researcher. This involves identification of resources, market information, evaluation of career options and determining target organizations The following points need to be addressed: c. Focus and goal setting: The purpose of self-assessment and collection of market information is to find a focus for one's career interests. This focus emerges from the interplay of one's self-assessment and the opportunities realistically available. When one is prepared to compare how well one's skills, accomplishments, values, interests, and needs match the organization, one will then be ready to identify your career goals. One will also know the training, skills, and competencies required for his/her career, and the kinds of organizations and positions that are a good "fit" for him/her. The synthesis of information one has collected thus far will require self-reflection. d. Networking: It is an important aspect of the modern job market. ... lso know the training, skills, and competencies required for his/her career, and the kinds of organizations and positions that are a good "fit" for him/her. The synthesis of information one has collected thus far will require self-reflection. d. Networking: It is an important aspect of the modern job market. Developing, expanding and maintaining this network is a critical career development skill. It helps in remaining abreast of the current and changing environment as well as in maintaining contacts with the right persons at the right time. e. Job search skills: Apart from networking, some other important job searching skills are essential. These are resume, CV, cover letter writing, presentation, interviews and job negotiation skills. These skills enable us to properly project our strong points to the prospective employers and in getting the best possible deals. f. Career management: Managing a career is a life long process. With the job market constantly changing, we need to continuously reassess our professional development vis--vis market requirement and make up the shortcomings by following a 'learn while you earn ' approach. According to Robert H. Rouda, and Mitchell E. Kusy, Jr (Career development, personal career management and planning, Tappi journal, 1995-96), "There is an increasing need for individuals to take charge of the development of their own learning and careers for a variety of reasons: There is increasing rate of change of our organizations and in the knowledge and skills we need to perform our jobs. Career ladders are rapidly shrinking or disappearing as reorganizations lead to flatter structures. There is an ever-increasing need for us to keep learning to keep up with the rapid growth in knowledge and the rate of change of our workplace

The Media and its Impact on the Range of Understanding Identity in Essay

The Media and its Impact on the Range of Understanding Identity in Adolescents - Essay Example One should consider the gratuitous nature with which sex and sexual relations are discussed within the media. It is nearly impossible to turn on primetime television or read a magazine that does not seek to cheaply engage the reader with a type of frivolous and non-consequential understanding of human sexuality. A series of negative implications are glossed over to include the ever-increasing risk of STDs, pregnancy, emotional/psychological trauma, and the inability to form lasting and meaningful physical relationships due to a high premium being placed upon sex (Samson et al 283). Such common interpretations are no doubt one of the reasons that HPV is represented in one out of every 4 women between the ages of 14-30 within the United States. Likewise, it does not take a specialist to note that there is an ever-increasing incidence of violence in all forms of media. This cannot only be understood as a function of entertainment but also as a function of news programming which takes particular interest in some of the more gruesome elements of violence that exist within society. The representation of violence within the media in all its forms serves to relate an unrealistic view of the world model as it currently exists and no doubt has a profound effect on the way that adolescents view their surroundings. One study put forward that the average child will have viewed around 8,000 murders on television prior to finishing elementary school (Nelson 1). This fact in and of itself gives the reader pause when realizing the sheer size of the problem and demands a response to such an issue.